feat: add ListObjects method & relevant e2e tests

Co-authored-by: hashicorp-copywrite[bot] <110428419+hashicorp-copywrite[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+## PCI review checklist
+
+<!-- heimdall_github_prtemplate:grc-pci_dss-2024-01-05 -->
+
+- [ ] I have documented a clear reason for, and description of, the change I am making.
+
+- [ ] If applicable, I've documented a plan to revert these changes if they require more than reverting the pull request.
+
+- [ ] If applicable, I've documented the impact of any changes to security controls.
+
+  Examples of changes to security controls include using new access control methods, adding or removing logging pipelines, etc.

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ jobs:
       id-token: write
       contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@8e5e7e5ab8b370d6c329ec480221332ada57f0ab # v3.5.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@0ad4b8fadaa221de15dcec353f45205ec38ea70b # v4.1.4
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@4d34df0c2316fe8122ab82dc22947d607c0c91f9 # v4.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-go@0c52d547c9bc32b1aa3301fd7a9cb496313a4491 # v5.0.0
         with:
           go-version-file: 'go.mod'
           cache: true

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,12 @@ plan.tfplan
 *.log
 *.out
 *.html
+
+# IntelliJ IDEA project files
+.idea
+*.iprg
+
+.DS_Store
+
+.env
+.envrc

CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # These owners will be the default owners for everything in
 # the repo, unless a later match takes precedence.
 
-@hashicorp/boundary
+* @hashicorp/boundary
-

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2021 HashiCorp, Inc.
+Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 
 Mozilla Public License Version 2.0
 ==================================

README.md

@@ -5,15 +5,32 @@ Boundary](https://www.boundaryproject.io/).
 
 ## Credential Rotation
 
-Although credentials are stored encrypted within Boundary, by default this
+This is the following priority for the credential chain:
+static, assume role, environment variables.
+
+### Static Credentials
+
+Although static credentials are stored encrypted within Boundary, by default this
 plugin will attempt to rotate credentials when they are supplied through the
 `secrets` object. The given credentials will be used to create a new credential,
 and then the given credential will be revoked. In this way, after rotation,
-only Boundary knows the client secret in use by this plugin.
+only Boundary knows the client secret in use by this plugin. More information
+about AWS static credentials can be found [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdkref/latest/guide/feature-static-credentials.html).
 
-Credential rotation can be turned off by setting the 
+Credential rotation can be turned off by setting the
 `disable_credential_rotation` attribute to `true`.
 
+### Assume Role Credentials
+
+This plugin will attempt to assume a role when a `role_arn` is supplied through the
+`attributes` object. More information about assume an AWS role can be found [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/STS/latest/APIReference/API_AssumeRole.html). This feature only works when the plugin is running on a self managed Boundary [worker](https://developer.hashicorp.com/boundary/tutorials/hcp-administration/hcp-manage-workers).
+
+### Environment Credentials
+
+This plugin will attempt to retrieve credentials from environment variables. More
+information about environment variables for AWS credentials can be found [here](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdkref/latest/guide/feature-static-credentials.html). This feature only works when the plugin is running on
+a self managed Boundary [worker](https://developer.hashicorp.com/boundary/tutorials/hcp-administration/hcp-manage-workers).
+
 ## Dynamic Hosts
 
 This plugin supports dynamically sourcing hosts from Amazon EC2.
@@ -31,7 +48,7 @@ The plugin fetches hosts through the
 [DescribeInstances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeInstances.html)
 call.
 
-[Getting Started](https://github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/plugin/service/host/README.md)
+[Getting Started](plugin/service/host/README.md)
 
 ## Storage Bucket
 
@@ -43,7 +60,7 @@ these storage bucket resources can in turn be associated to targets within
 Boundary.
 
 At creation, update or deletion of a storage bucket of this type, configuration of the
-plugin is performed via the attribute/secret values passed to the create, update, or 
+plugin is performed via the attribute/secret values passed to the create, update, or
 delete calls actions. The values passed in to the plugin here are the attributes set
 on on a storage bucket in boundary.
 
@@ -59,4 +76,4 @@ The plugin fetches metadata about the files through the
 [HeadObject](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_HeadObject.html)
 call.
 
-[Getting Started](https://github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/plugin/service/storage/README.md)
+[Getting Started](plugin/service/storage/README.md)

go.mod

@@ -1,64 +1,69 @@
 module github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws
 
-go 1.20
+go 1.25.7
 
 require (
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.80
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.7
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.17.7
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2 v1.254.0
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.19
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/iam v1.47.6
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.18
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3 v1.101.0
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3 v1.31.1
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.38.5
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.25.1
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk v0.0.33
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil v0.1.6
+	github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk v0.0.59
-	github.com/hashicorp/terraform-json v0.14.0
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2 v2.1.2
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/parseutil v0.2.0
+	github.com/hashicorp/terraform-json v0.23.0
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.53.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.79.3
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.4.10 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.13.1 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.10 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.1.31 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.5 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.4.25 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.46 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.3.32 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.20 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.0.23 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.23 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.9.11 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.23 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum v1.1.26 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.1 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.9.25 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.4.24 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared v1.14.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.13.9 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.12.6 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/checksum v1.9.15 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.14.6 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.13.23 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.18.7 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/s3shared v1.19.23 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.13.5 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.24.6 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.28.5 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/eventlogger v0.1.2-0.20230428153751-cca445805f24 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/eventlogger v0.2.11 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/eventlogger/filters/encrypt v0.1.8-0.20230428153751-cca445805f24 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/eventlogger/filters/encrypt v0.1.8-0.20231025104552-802587e608f0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v1.6.3 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-kms-wrapping/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-kms-wrapping/v2 v2.0.20 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/strutil v0.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-sockaddr v1.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.7.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.14 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/pointerstructure v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ryanuber/go-glob v1.0.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.48.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.49.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230303212802-e74f57abe488 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.34.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260209200024-4cfbd4190f57 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260209200024-4cfbd4190f57 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,150 +1,171 @@
 github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 h1:5nUrii3FMTL5diU80unEVvNevw1nH4+ZV4DSLVJLSYI=
+github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1/go.mod h1:8cTjp+g8YejhMuvIA5y2vz3BpJxksy863GQaJW2MFNU=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.0 h1:3MEsd0SM6jqZojhjLWWeBY+Kcjy9i6MQAeY7YgDP83g=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.0/go.mod h1:qvl/7zhW3nngYb5+80sSMF+FG2BjYrf8m9wsX0PNOMQ=
 github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3 h1:eL2fZNezLomi0uOLqjQoN6BfsDD+fyLtgbJMAj9n6YA=
-github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg v1.0.0/go.mod h1:z96Txxhf3xSFMPmb5X/1W05FF/Nj9VFpLOpjS5yuumk=
+github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3/go.mod h1:rXcFaZ2zZbLRJv/xSysmlgIM1u11eBaRMhvYXJNkGuM=
-github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v13 v13.0.0/go.mod h1:ZK2fH7c4NqDTLtiYLvIkEghdlcqw7yxLeM89kiTRPUo=
+github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 h1:uYvfpb3DyLSCGWnctWKGj857c6ew1u1fNQOlOtuGxQY=
+github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0/go.mod h1:K8XmNZdhEBkdlyDdvbmmsvpAG721bKi0joRfFdHIWJ4=
 github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0 h1:F4z6KzEeeQIMeLFa97iZU6vupzoecKdU5TX24SNppXI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.30.27/go.mod h1:5zCpMtNQVjRREroY7sYe8lOMRSxkhG6MZveU8YkpAk0=
+github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ufUuZ+zHj4x4TnLV4JWEpy2hxWSpsRywHrMgIH9cCH8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.80 h1:jEXGecSgPdvM5KnyDsSgFhZSm7WwaTp4h544Im4SfhI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.39.1 h1:fWZhGAwVRK/fAN2tmt7ilH4PPAE11rDj7HytrmbZ2FE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.44.80/go.mod h1:y4AeaBuwd2Lk+GepC1E9v0qOiTws0MIWAX4oIKwKHZo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.39.1/go.mod h1:sDioUELIUO9Znk23YVmIk86/9DOpkbyyVb1i/gUNFXY=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.17.7 h1:CLSjnhJSTSogvqUGhIC6LqFKATMRexcxLZ0i/Nzk9Eg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.7 h1:DWpAJt66FmnnaRIOT/8ASTucrvuDPZASqhhLey6tLY8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.17.7/go.mod h1:uzbQtefpm44goOPmdKyAlXSNcwlRgF3ePWVW6EtJvvw=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.41.7/go.mod h1:4LAfZOPHNVNQEckOACQx60Y8pSRjIkNZQz1w92xpMJc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.4.10 h1:dK82zF6kkPeCo8J1e+tGx4JdvDIQzj7ygIoLg8WMuGs=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.1 h1:i8p8P4diljCr60PpJp6qZXNlgX4m2yQFpYk+9ZT+J4E=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.4.10/go.mod h1:VeTZetY5KRJLuD/7fkQXMU6Mw7H5m/KP2J5Iy9osMno=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.1/go.mod h1:ddqbooRZYNoJ2dsTwOty16rM+/Aqmk/GOXrK8cg7V00=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.19 h1:AqFK6zFNtq4i1EYu+eC7lcKHYnZagMn6SW171la0bGw=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.10 h1:gx1AwW1Iyk9Z9dD9F4akX5gnN3QZwUB20GGKH/I+Rho=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.19/go.mod h1:XvTmGMY8d52ougvakOv1RpiTLPz9dlG/OQHsKU/cMmY=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/protocol/eventstream v1.7.10/go.mod h1:qqY157uZoqm5OXq/amuaBJyC9hgBCBQnsaWnPe905GY=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.18 h1:EQMdtHwz0ILTW1hoP+EwuWhwCG1hD6l3+RWFQABET4c=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.5 h1:Za41twdCXbuyyWv9LndXxZZv3QhTG1DinqlFsSuvtI0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.18/go.mod h1:vnwlwjIe+3XJPBYKu1et30ZPABG3VaXJYr8ryohpIyM=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.5/go.mod h1:4VsPbHP8JdcdUDmbTVgNL/8w9SqOkM5jyY8ljIxLO3o=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.13.1 h1:gt57MN3liKiyGopcqgNzJb2+d9MJaKT/q1OksHNXVE4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.46 h1:AU7RcriIo2lXjUfHFnFKYsLCwgbz1E7Mm95ieIRDNUg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.13.1/go.mod h1:lfUx8puBRdM5lVVMQlwt2v+ofiG/X6Ms+dy0UkG/kXw=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.46/go.mod h1:1FmYyLGL08KQXQ6mcTlifyFXfJVCNJTVGuQP4m0d/UA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.1.31 h1:sJLYcS+eZn5EeNINGHSCRAwUJMFVqklwkH36Vbyai7M=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.20 h1:sDSXIrlsFSFJtWKLQS4PUWRvrT580rrnuLydJrCQ/yA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.1.31/go.mod h1:QT0BqUvX1Bh2ABdTGnjqEjvjzrCfIniM9Sc8zn9Yndo=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.20/go.mod h1:WZ/c+w0ofps+/OUqMwWgnfrgzZH1DZO1RIkktICsqnY=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.4.25 h1:1mnRASEKnkqsntcxHaysxwgVoUUp5dkiB+l3llKnqyg=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.8 h1:6bgAZgRyT4RoFWhxS+aoGMFyE0cD1bSzFnEEi4bFPGI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.4.25/go.mod h1:zBHOPwhBc3FlQjQJE/D3IfPWiWaQmT06Vq9aNukDo0k=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.8/go.mod h1:KcGkXFVU8U28qS4KvLEcPxytPZPBcRawaH2Pf/0jptE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.3.32 h1:p5luUImdIqywn6JpQsW3tq5GNOxKmOnEpybzPx+d1lk=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.23 h1:GpT/TrnBYuE5gan2cZbTtvP+JlHsutdmlV2YfEyNde0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.3.32/go.mod h1:XGhIBZDEgfqmFIugclZ6FU7v75nHhBDtzuB4xB/tEi4=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.4.23/go.mod h1:xYWD6BS9ywC5bS3sz9Xh04whO/hzK2plt2Zkyrp4JuA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.0.23 h1:DWYZIsyqagnWL00f8M/SOr9fN063OEQWn9LLTbdYXsk=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.8 h1:HhJYoES3zOz34yWEpGENqJvRVPqpmJyR3+AFg9ybhdY=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/v4a v1.0.23/go.mod h1:uIiFgURZbACBEQJfqTZPb/jxO7R+9LeoHUFudtIdeQI=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.8/go.mod h1:JnA+hPWeYAVbDssp83tv+ysAG8lTfLVXvSsyKg/7xNA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.9.11 h1:y2+VQzC6Zh2ojtV2LoC0MNwHWc6qXv/j2vrQtlftkdA=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.23 h1:bpd8vxhlQi2r1hiueOw02f/duEPTMK59Q4QMAoTTtTo=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.9.11/go.mod h1:iV4q2hsqtNECrfmlXyord9u4zyuFEJX9eLgLpSPzWA8=
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.7.23/go.mod h1:15DfR2nw+CRHIk0tqNyifu3G1YdAOy68RftkhMDDwYk=
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internal/credential/attributes.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package credential
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ package credential
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/endpoints"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/values"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
@@ -20,33 +19,48 @@ type CredentialAttributes struct {
 
 	// DisableCredentialRotation disables the rotation of aws secrets associated with the plugin
 	DisableCredentialRotation bool
+
+	// RoleArn is the role arn associated with the aws credentials
+	RoleArn string
+
+	// RoleExternalId is the external id associated with the aws credentials
+	RoleExternalId string
+
+	// RoleSessionName is the session name associated with the aws credentials
+	RoleSessionName string
+
+	// RoleTags is the tags associated with the aws credentials
+	RoleTags map[string]string
 }
 
-// GetCredentialsConfig parses values out of a protobuf struct input and returns a
+// GetCredentialsConfig parses values out of a protobuf struct secrets and returns a
-// CredentialsConfig used for configuring an AWS session. An error is returned if
+// CredentialsConfig used for configuring an AWS session. An status error is returned
-// any of the following fields are missing from the protobuf struct input or have
+// with an InvalidArgument code if any unrecognized fields are found in the protobuf
-// invalid value types: access_key_id, secret_access_key. An error is returned if
+// struct input.
-// any unrecognized fields are found in the protobuf struct input.
+func GetCredentialsConfig(secrets *structpb.Struct, attrs *CredentialAttributes, dualStack bool) (*awsutil.CredentialsConfig, error) {
-func GetCredentialsConfig(in *structpb.Struct, region string) (*awsutil.CredentialsConfig, error) {
+	// initialize secrets if it is nil
-	unknownFields := values.StructFields(in)
+	// secrets can be nil because static credentials are optional
+	if secrets == nil {
+		secrets = &structpb.Struct{
+			Fields: make(map[string]*structpb.Value),
+		}
+	}
+
+	unknownFields := values.StructFields(secrets)
 	badFields := make(map[string]string)
 
-	accessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstAccessKeyId, true)
+	accessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(secrets, ConstAccessKeyId, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstAccessKeyId)] = err.Error()
 	}
 	delete(unknownFields, ConstAccessKeyId)
 
-	secretKey, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
+	secretKey, err := values.GetStringValue(secrets, ConstSecretAccessKey, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstSecretAccessKey)] = err.Error()
 	}
 	delete(unknownFields, ConstSecretAccessKey)
 
-	if region == "" {
-		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRegion)] = err.Error()
-	}
-
 	// the creds_last_rotated_time field will be found in the input struct for
 	// persisted secrets, this value is not needed for creating the CredentialsConfig
 	delete(unknownFields, ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
@@ -54,21 +68,78 @@ func GetCredentialsConfig(in *structpb.Struct, region string) (*awsutil.Credenti
 		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", s)] = "unrecognized field"
 	}
 
+	opts := []awsutil.Option{}
+	// logic for parsing the credential type
+	// supported types:
+	//		- user static credential
+	//		- ec2 assume role dynamic credential
+	//		- enviornment variables credential
+	switch {
+	// static credentials and dynamic credentials cannot be used together
+	case accessKey != "" && secretKey != "" && attrs.RoleArn != "":
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstAccessKeyId)] = "conflicts with role_arn value"
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstSecretAccessKey)] = "conflicts with role_arn value"
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRoleArn)] = "conflicts with access_key_id and secret_access_key values"
+	// static credential is missing it's secret_access_key
+	case accessKey != "" && secretKey == "":
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstSecretAccessKey)] = "missing required value"
+	// static credential is missing it's access_key_id
+	case accessKey == "" && secretKey != "":
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("secrets.%s", ConstAccessKeyId)] = "missing required value"
+	// dynamic credentials and credential rotation is not supported
+	case len(attrs.RoleArn) > 0 && !attrs.DisableCredentialRotation:
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstDisableCredentialRotation)] = "disable_credential_rotation attribute is required when providing a role_arn"
+	// add static credentials
+	case accessKey != "" && secretKey != "":
+		opts = append(opts,
+			awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKey),
+			awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretKey),
+		)
+	// add dynamic credentials
+	case attrs.RoleArn != "":
+		opts = append(opts, awsutil.WithRoleArn(attrs.RoleArn))
+	}
+
 	if len(badFields) > 0 {
 		return nil, errors.InvalidArgumentError("Error in the secrets provided", badFields)
 	}
 
-	return awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
+	if attrs.Region != "" {
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKey),
+		opts = append(opts, awsutil.WithRegion(attrs.Region))
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretKey),
+	}
-		awsutil.WithRegion(region),
+	if attrs.RoleExternalId != "" {
-	)
+		opts = append(opts, awsutil.WithRoleExternalId(attrs.RoleExternalId))
+	}
+	if attrs.RoleSessionName != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, awsutil.WithRoleSessionName(attrs.RoleSessionName))
+	}
+	if len(attrs.RoleTags) != 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, awsutil.WithRoleTags(attrs.RoleTags))
+	}
+
+	if dualStack {
+		opts = append(opts, []awsutil.Option{
+			awsutil.WithIamEndpointResolver(&iamEndpointResolver{
+				dualStack: dualStack,
+			}),
+			awsutil.WithStsEndpointResolver(&stsEndpointResolver{
+				dualStack: dualStack,
+			}),
+		}...)
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus(err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return cfg, nil
 }
 
 // GetCredentialAttributes parses values out of a protobuf struct input and returns a
-// CredentialAttributes used for configuring an AWS session. An error is returned if
+// CredentialAttributes used for configuring an AWS session. An status error is returned
-// any of the following fields are missing from the protobuf struct input or have
+// with an InvalidArgument code if any of the following fields are missing from the protobuf
-// invalid value types: region, disableCredentialRotation
+// struct input or have invalid value types: region, disableCredentialRotation
 func GetCredentialAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CredentialAttributes, error) {
 	badFields := make(map[string]string)
 
@@ -77,17 +148,31 @@ func GetCredentialAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CredentialAttributes, error)
 		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRegion)] = err.Error()
 	}
 
-	if region != "" {
-		if _, found := endpoints.PartitionForRegion(endpoints.DefaultPartitions(), region); !found {
-			badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRegion)] = fmt.Sprintf("not a valid region: %s", region)
-		}
-	}
-
 	disableCredentialRotation, err := values.GetBoolValue(in, ConstDisableCredentialRotation, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstDisableCredentialRotation)] = err.Error()
 	}
 
+	roleArn, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstRoleArn, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRoleArn)] = err.Error()
+	}
+
+	roleExternalId, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstRoleExternalId, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRoleExternalId)] = err.Error()
+	}
+
+	roleSessionName, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstRoleSessionName, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRoleSessionName)] = err.Error()
+	}
+
+	roleTags, err := values.GetMapStringString(in, ConstRoleTags, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstRoleTags)] = err.Error()
+	}
+
 	if len(badFields) > 0 {
 		return nil, errors.InvalidArgumentError("Error in the attributes provided", badFields)
 	}
@@ -95,5 +180,9 @@ func GetCredentialAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CredentialAttributes, error)
 	return &CredentialAttributes{
 		Region:                    region,
 		DisableCredentialRotation: disableCredentialRotation,
+		RoleArn:                   roleArn,
+		RoleExternalId:            roleExternalId,
+		RoleSessionName:           roleSessionName,
+		RoleTags:                  roleTags,
 	}, nil
 }

internal/credential/attributes_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package credential
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package credential
 import (
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
@@ -25,13 +25,6 @@ func TestGetCredentialAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 			in:                  map[string]any{},
 			expectedErrContains: "missing required value \"region\"",
 		},
-		{
-			name: "invalid aws region value",
-			in: map[string]any{
-				ConstRegion: "dne",
-			},
-			expectedErrContains: "not a valid region",
-		},
 		{
 			name: "bad value for disable_credential_rotation",
 			in: map[string]any{
@@ -61,6 +54,28 @@ func TestGetCredentialAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 				DisableCredentialRotation: true,
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "with assume role",
+			in: map[string]any{
+				ConstRegion:          "us-west-2",
+				ConstRoleArn:         "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+				ConstRoleExternalId:  "1234567890",
+				ConstRoleSessionName: "test-session",
+				ConstRoleTags: map[string]interface{}{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
+			},
+			expected: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region:                    "us-west-2",
+				DisableCredentialRotation: false,
+				RoleArn:                   "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+				RoleExternalId:            "1234567890",
+				RoleSessionName:           "test-session",
+				RoleTags: map[string]string{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range cases {
@@ -89,63 +104,147 @@ func TestGetCredentialAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGetCredentialsConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name                string
-		in                  map[string]any
+		secrets             *structpb.Struct
-		region              string
+		attrs               *CredentialAttributes
+		dualStack           bool
 		expected            *awsutil.CredentialsConfig
 		expectedErrContains string
 	}{
 		{
-			name:                "missing access_key_id",
+			name: "no credentials",
-			in:                  map[string]any{},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
-			region:              "us-west-2",
+				Region: "us-west-2",
-			expectedErrContains: "missing required value \"access_key_id\"",
+			},
+			expected: &awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
+				Region: "us-west-2",
+			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "missing secret_access_key",
+			name: "with static credentials",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
-				ConstAccessKeyId: "foobar",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					ConstAccessKeyId:     structpb.NewStringValue("AKIAfoobar"),
+					ConstSecretAccessKey: structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
+				},
+			},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region: "us-west-2",
+			},
+			expected: &awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
+				AccessKey: "AKIAfoobar",
+				SecretKey: "bazqux",
+				Region:    "us-west-2",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with dualstack",
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					ConstAccessKeyId:     structpb.NewStringValue("AKIAfoobar"),
+					ConstSecretAccessKey: structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
+				},
+			},
+			dualStack: true,
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region: "us-west-2",
+			},
+			expected: &awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
+				AccessKey: "AKIAfoobar",
+				SecretKey: "bazqux",
+				Region:    "us-west-2",
 			},
-			region:              "us-west-2",
-			expectedErrContains: "missing required value \"secret_access_key\"",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "unknown fields",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
-				ConstAccessKeyId:     "foobar",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				ConstSecretAccessKey: "bazqux",
+					ConstAccessKeyId:     structpb.NewStringValue("AKIAfoobar"),
-				"foo":                true,
+					ConstSecretAccessKey: structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
-				"bar":                true,
+					"foo":                structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+					"bar":                structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
+			},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region: "us-west-2",
 			},
-			region:              "us-west-2",
 			expectedErrContains: "secrets.bar: unrecognized field, secrets.foo: unrecognized field",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "valid ignore creds_last_rotated_time",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
-				ConstAccessKeyId:          "foobar",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				ConstSecretAccessKey:      "bazqux",
+					ConstAccessKeyId:          structpb.NewStringValue("AKIAfoobar"),
-				ConstCredsLastRotatedTime: "2006-01-02T15:04:05+07:00",
+					ConstSecretAccessKey:      structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
+					ConstCredsLastRotatedTime: structpb.NewStringValue("2006-01-02T15:04:05+07:00"),
+				},
+			},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region: "us-west-2",
 			},
-			region: "us-west-2",
 			expected: &awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
-				AccessKey: "foobar",
+				AccessKey: "AKIAfoobar",
 				SecretKey: "bazqux",
 				Region:    "us-west-2",
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "good",
+			name: "with assume role",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
-				ConstAccessKeyId:     "foobar",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{},
-				ConstSecretAccessKey: "bazqux",
+			},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region:          "us-west-2",
+				RoleArn:         "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+				RoleExternalId:  "1234567890",
+				RoleSessionName: "test-session",
+				RoleTags: map[string]string{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
+				DisableCredentialRotation: true,
 			},
-			region: "us-west-2",
 			expected: &awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
-				AccessKey: "foobar",
+				Region:          "us-west-2",
-				SecretKey: "bazqux",
+				RoleARN:         "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
-				Region:    "us-west-2",
+				RoleExternalId:  "1234567890",
+				RoleSessionName: "test-session",
+				RoleTags: map[string]string{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "with static credential & assume role",
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					ConstAccessKeyId:     structpb.NewStringValue("AKIAfoobar"),
+					ConstSecretAccessKey: structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
+				},
+			},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region:          "us-west-2",
+				RoleArn:         "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+				RoleExternalId:  "1234567890",
+				RoleSessionName: "test-session",
+				RoleTags: map[string]string{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErrContains: "attributes.role_arn: conflicts with access_key_id and secret_access_key values, secrets.access_key_id: conflicts with role_arn value, secrets.secret_access_key: conflicts with role_arn value",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "with dynamic credentials and no disable credential rotation",
+			secrets: &structpb.Struct{Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{}},
+			attrs: &CredentialAttributes{
+				Region:          "us-west-2",
+				RoleArn:         "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+				RoleExternalId:  "1234567890",
+				RoleSessionName: "test-session",
+				RoleTags: map[string]string{
+					"foo": "bar",
+				},
+			},
+			expectedErrContains: "attributes.disable_credential_rotation: disable_credential_rotation attribute is required when providing a role_arn",
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range cases {
@@ -153,10 +252,7 @@ func TestGetCredentialsConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			require := require.New(t)
 
-			input, err := structpb.NewStruct(tc.in)
+			actual, err := GetCredentialsConfig(tc.secrets, tc.attrs, tc.dualStack)
-			require.NoError(err)
-
-			actual, err := GetCredentialsConfig(input, tc.region)
 			if tc.expectedErrContains != "" {
 				require.Error(err)
 				require.Contains(err.Error(), tc.expectedErrContains)
@@ -168,6 +264,17 @@ func TestGetCredentialsConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(tc.expected.AccessKey, actual.AccessKey)
 			require.Equal(tc.expected.SecretKey, actual.SecretKey)
 			require.Equal(tc.expected.Region, actual.Region)
+			require.Equal(tc.expected.RoleARN, actual.RoleARN)
+			require.Equal(tc.expected.RoleExternalId, actual.RoleExternalId)
+			require.Equal(tc.expected.RoleSessionName, actual.RoleSessionName)
+			require.Equal(tc.expected.RoleTags, actual.RoleTags)
+			if tc.dualStack {
+				require.NotNil(actual.IAMEndpointResolver)
+				require.NotNil(actual.STSEndpointResolver)
+			} else {
+				require.Nil(actual.IAMEndpointResolver)
+				require.Nil(actual.STSEndpointResolver)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }

internal/credential/const.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package credential
@@ -18,4 +18,16 @@ const (
 
 	// ConstCredsLastRotatedTime is the key for the last rotated time in the aws credentials.
 	ConstCredsLastRotatedTime = "creds_last_rotated_time"
+
+	// ConstRoleArn is the key for assuming a IAM role.
+	ConstRoleArn = "role_arn"
+
+	// ConstRoleExternalId is the key for the external id used for assuming a IAM role.
+	ConstRoleExternalId = "role_external_id"
+
+	// ConstRoleSessionName is the key for the session name used for assuming a IAM role.
+	ConstRoleSessionName = "role_session_name"
+
+	// ConstRoleTags is the key for the tags used for assuming a IAM role.
+	ConstRoleTags = "role_tags"
 )

internal/credential/state.go

@@ -1,21 +1,48 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package credential
 
 import (
-	"errors"
+	"context"
+	stderr "errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/awserr"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/iam"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/iam"
+	iamTypes "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/iam/types"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts"
+	smithyEndpoints "github.com/aws/smithy-go/endpoints"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/errors"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/values"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
+type CredentialType int
+
+const (
+	// StaticAWS denotes an Access Key Id that begins with "AKIA". These are
+	// long-term access keys, provided by AWS, for an IAM user or an AWS account
+	// root user.
+	// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/security-creds.html#sec-access-keys-and-secret-access-keys
+	StaticAWS CredentialType = iota
+
+	// DynamicAWS denotes the presence of a RoleARN, or an Access Key Id that
+	// begins with "ASIA". The latter are temporary credentials access keys that
+	// are created using AWS STS operations.
+	DynamicAWS
+
+	// StaticOther denotes the presence of an Access Key Id that does not follow
+	// the AKIA/ASIA convention outlined by AWS.
+	StaticOther
+
+	// Unknown is a catch-all for everything else.
+	Unknown
+)
+
 // rotationWaitTimeout controls the time we wait for credential rotation to
 // succeed. This is important to ensure that rotated credentials can be used
 // right away.
@@ -25,19 +52,13 @@ type AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption func(s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) erro
 
 // AwsCredentialPersistedState is the persisted state for the AWS credential.
 type AwsCredentialPersistedState struct {
-	// AccessKeyId is the access key id for the AWS credential.
+	// CredentialsConfig is the credential configuration for the AWS credential.
-	AccessKeyId string
+	CredentialsConfig *awsutil.CredentialsConfig
-	// SecretAccessKey is the secret access key for the AWS credential.
-	SecretAccessKey string
 	// CredsLastRotatedTime is the last rotation of aws secrets for the AWS credential.
 	CredsLastRotatedTime time.Time
 
 	// testOpts are options that should be used for testing only
 	testOpts []awsutil.Option
-
-	// Region is not a part of persisted state but if set is passed to clients
-	// created with this state
-	region string
 }
 
 // WithStateTestOpts enables unit testing different edge cases
@@ -50,35 +71,23 @@ func WithStateTestOpts(opts []awsutil.Option) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption
 	}
 }
 
-// WithAccessKeyId sets the value for AccesskeyId in the storage persisted state.
+// WithCredentialsConfig sets the value for CredentialsConfig in the credential persisted state.
-func WithAccessKeyId(x string) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
+func WithCredentialsConfig(x *awsutil.CredentialsConfig) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
 	return func(s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) error {
-		if s.AccessKeyId != "" {
+		if s.CredentialsConfig != nil {
-			return errors.New("access key id already set")
+			return stderr.New("credentials config already set")
 		}
 
-		s.AccessKeyId = x
+		s.CredentialsConfig = x
 		return nil
 	}
 }
 
-// WithSecretAccessKey sets the value for SecretAccessKey in the storage persisted state.
+// WithCredsLastRotatedTime sets the value for CredsLastRotatedTime in the credential persisted state.
-func WithSecretAccessKey(x string) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
-	return func(s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) error {
-		if s.SecretAccessKey != "" {
-			return errors.New("secret access key already set")
-		}
-
-		s.SecretAccessKey = x
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-// WithCredsLastRotatedTime sets the value for CredsLastRotatedTime in the storage persisted state.
 func WithCredsLastRotatedTime(t time.Time) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
 	return func(s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) error {
 		if !s.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
-			return errors.New("last rotation time already set")
+			return stderr.New("last rotation time already set")
 		}
 
 		s.CredsLastRotatedTime = t
@@ -86,18 +95,6 @@ func WithCredsLastRotatedTime(t time.Time) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
 	}
 }
 
-// WithRegion sets the value for region in the storage persisted state.
-func WithRegion(with string) AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
-	return func(s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) error {
-		if s.region != "" {
-			return errors.New("region already set")
-		}
-
-		s.region = with
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 // NewAwsCredentialPersistedState returns a AwsCredentialPersistedState.
 // Supported options include: WithAccessKeyId, WithSecretAccessKey
 // WithCredsLastRotatedTime, & WithRegion.
@@ -108,27 +105,21 @@ func NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(opts ...AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption) (
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-
 	return s, nil
 }
 
-// ValidateCreds takes the access key and secret key from the persisted state
+// ValidateCreds takes the credentials configuration from the persisted state
 // and runs sts.GetCallerIdentity for the current credentials, which is done
-// to check that the credentials are valid.
+// to check that the credentials are valid. This method returns a status error
-func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ValidateCreds() error {
+// with PluginError details.
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(append([]awsutil.Option{
+func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ValidateCreds(ctx context.Context) error {
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(s.AccessKeyId),
+	if s.CredentialsConfig == nil {
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(s.SecretAccessKey),
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("missing credentials config")
-		awsutil.WithRegion(s.region),
-	}, s.testOpts...)...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error loading credentials: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	if _, err := s.CredentialsConfig.GetCallerIdentity(ctx, s.testOpts...); err != nil {
-	if _, err := c.GetCallerIdentity(s.testOpts...); err != nil {
+		st, _ := errors.ParseAWSError("validating credentials", err)
-		return fmt.Errorf("error validating credentials: %w", err)
+		return st.Err()
 	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -136,147 +127,139 @@ func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ValidateCreds() error {
 // then deletes the old access key. If deletion of the old access key is successful, the new access key/secret key are
 // written into the credentials config and the persisted state. On any error, the old credentials are not overwritten.
 // This ensures that any generated new secret key never leaves this function in case of an error, even though it will
-// still result in an extraneous access key existing.
+// still result in an extraneous access key existing. This method returns a status error with PluginError details.
-func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) RotateCreds() error {
+func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) RotateCreds(ctx context.Context) error {
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(append([]awsutil.Option{
+	if s.CredentialsConfig == nil {
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(s.AccessKeyId),
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("missing credentials config")
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(s.SecretAccessKey),
-		awsutil.WithRegion(s.region),
-	}, s.testOpts...)...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error loading credentials: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	if GetCredentialType(s.CredentialsConfig) != StaticAWS {
-	if err := c.RotateKeys(append([]awsutil.Option{
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("invalid credential type")
+	}
+	if err := s.CredentialsConfig.RotateKeys(ctx, append([]awsutil.Option{
 		awsutil.WithValidityCheckTimeout(rotationWaitTimeout),
 	}, s.testOpts...)...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error rotating credentials: %w", err)
+		st, _ := errors.ParseAWSError("rotating credentials", err)
+		return st.Err()
 	}
-
-	s.AccessKeyId = c.AccessKey
-	s.SecretAccessKey = c.SecretKey
 	s.CredsLastRotatedTime = time.Now()
-
 	return nil
 }
 
 // ReplaceCreds replaces the access key in the state with a new key.
 // If the existing key was rotated at any point in time, it is
-// deleted first, otherwise it's left alone.
+// deleted first, otherwise it's left alone. This method returns a
-func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ReplaceCreds(accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) error {
+// status error with PluginError details.
-	if accessKeyId == "" {
+func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ReplaceCreds(ctx context.Context, credentialsConfig *awsutil.CredentialsConfig) error {
-		return errors.New("access key id cannot be empty")
+	if credentialsConfig == nil {
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("missing new credentials config")
+	}
+	if s.CredentialsConfig == nil {
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("missing credentials config")
 	}
 
-	if secretAccessKey == "" {
+	// Delete old/existing credentials. This action is only possible for static credential types.
-		return errors.New("secret access key cannot be empty")
+	// This is done with the same credentials to ensure that it has the proper permissions to do it.
-	}
+	ct := GetCredentialType(s.CredentialsConfig)
-
+	if !s.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() && ct == StaticAWS {
-	if accessKeyId == s.AccessKeyId {
+		if err := s.DeleteCreds(ctx); err != nil {
-		return errors.New("attempting to replace access key with the same one")
-	}
-
-	if !s.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
-		// Delete old/existing credentials. This is done with the same
-		// credentials to ensure that it has the proper permissions to do
-		// it.
-		if err := s.DeleteCreds(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Set the new attributes and clear the rotated time.
-	s.AccessKeyId = accessKeyId
+	s.CredentialsConfig = credentialsConfig
-	s.SecretAccessKey = secretAccessKey
 	s.CredsLastRotatedTime = time.Time{}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // DeleteCreds deletes the credentials in the state. The access key
 // ID, secret access key, and rotation time fields are zeroed out in
-// the state just to ensure that they cannot be re-used after.
+// the state just to ensure that they cannot be re-used after. This
-func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) DeleteCreds() error {
+// method returns a status error with PluginError details.
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(append([]awsutil.Option{
+func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) DeleteCreds(ctx context.Context) error {
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(s.AccessKeyId),
+	if s.CredentialsConfig == nil {
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(s.SecretAccessKey),
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("missing credentials config")
-		awsutil.WithRegion(s.region),
+	}
-	}, s.testOpts...)...)
+	if GetCredentialType(s.CredentialsConfig) != StaticAWS {
-	if err != nil {
+		return errors.BadRequestStatus("invalid credential type")
-		return fmt.Errorf("error loading credentials: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := c.DeleteAccessKey(s.AccessKeyId, s.testOpts...); err != nil {
+	if err := s.CredentialsConfig.DeleteAccessKey(ctx, s.CredentialsConfig.AccessKey, s.testOpts...); err != nil {
 		// Determine if the deletion error was due to a missing
 		// resource. If it was, just pass it.
-		var awsErr awserr.Error
+		var awsErr *iamTypes.NoSuchEntityException
-		if errors.As(err, &awsErr) {
+		if stderr.As(err, &awsErr) && awsErr.ErrorCode() == "NoSuchEntity" {
-			if awsErr.Code() == iam.ErrCodeNoSuchEntityException {
+			s.CredentialsConfig = nil
-				s.AccessKeyId = ""
+			s.CredsLastRotatedTime = time.Time{}
-				s.SecretAccessKey = ""
+			return nil
-				s.CredsLastRotatedTime = time.Time{}
-				return nil
-			}
 		}
 
 		// Otherwise treat it as an actual error.
-		return err
+		st, _ := errors.ParseAWSError("deleting credentials", err)
+		return st.Err()
 	}
 
-	s.AccessKeyId = ""
+	s.CredentialsConfig = nil
-	s.SecretAccessKey = ""
 	s.CredsLastRotatedTime = time.Time{}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// GetSession returns a configured AWS session for the credentials in
+// GenerateCredentialChain returns a AWS configuration for the credentials in the state.
-// the state.
+func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) GenerateCredentialChain(ctx context.Context) (*aws.Config, error) {
-func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) GetSession() (*session.Session, error) {
+	return s.CredentialsConfig.GenerateCredentialChain(ctx, s.testOpts...)
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(append([]awsutil.Option{
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(s.AccessKeyId),
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(s.SecretAccessKey),
-		awsutil.WithRegion(s.region),
-	}, s.testOpts...)...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return c.GetSession()
 }
 
-// ToMap returns a map of the credentials stored in the persisted state,
+// ToMap returns a map of the credentials stored in the persisted state.
-// which includes the following keys: access_key_id, secret_access_key,
+// ToMap will return an empty map for temporary credentials. ToMap will
-// & creds_last_rotated_time
+// return a map for long-term credentials with following keys:
+// access_key_id, secret_access_key & creds_last_rotated_time
 func (s *AwsCredentialPersistedState) ToMap() map[string]any {
+	ct := GetCredentialType(s.CredentialsConfig)
+	// Dynamic AWS credentials are temporary credentials that expire within an hour.
+	// ToMap() returns an empty map here so that Boundary does not store temporary
+	// credentials into the database.
+	//
+	// Uknown credentials are not aws compatiable secrets that may have been provided
+	// for a non-aws s3 compatiable service. These credentials will not be returned
+	// because the plugin does not know how to manage non-aws credentials.
+	if ct == DynamicAWS || ct == Unknown {
+		return map[string]any{}
+	}
 	return map[string]any{
-		ConstAccessKeyId:          s.AccessKeyId,
+		ConstAccessKeyId:          s.CredentialsConfig.AccessKey,
-		ConstSecretAccessKey:      s.SecretAccessKey,
+		ConstSecretAccessKey:      s.CredentialsConfig.SecretKey,
 		ConstCredsLastRotatedTime: s.CredsLastRotatedTime.Format(time.RFC3339Nano),
 	}
 }
 
 // AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto parses values out of a protobuf struct input
 // and returns a AwsCredentialPersistedState used for configuring an AWS session.
-// An error is returned if any of the following fields are missing from the protobuf
+func AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(secrets *structpb.Struct, attrs *CredentialAttributes, dualStack bool, opts ...AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption) (*AwsCredentialPersistedState, error) {
-// struct input or have invalid value types: access_key_id, secret_access_key, &
+	// initialize secrets if it is nil
-// creds_last_rotated_time.
+	// secrets can be nil because static credentials are optional
-func AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(in *structpb.Struct, opts ...AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption) (*AwsCredentialPersistedState, error) {
+	if secrets == nil {
-	if in == nil {
+		secrets = &structpb.Struct{
-		return nil, errors.New("missing persisted secrets")
+			Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{},
+		}
 	}
 
-	accessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstAccessKeyId, true)
+	if attrs == nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing credential attributes")
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity error: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	secretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(in, ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
+	accessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(secrets, ConstAccessKeyId, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity error: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	credsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(in, ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
+	secretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(secrets, ConstSecretAccessKey, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity error: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	credsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(secrets, ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("persisted state integrity: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	s, err := NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(opts...)
@@ -284,9 +267,85 @@ func AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(in *structpb.Struct, opts ...AwsCreden
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	s.AccessKeyId = accessKeyId
+	awsOpts := append([]awsutil.Option{}, s.testOpts...)
-	s.SecretAccessKey = secretAccessKey
+	if accessKeyId != "" && secretAccessKey != "" {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts,
+			awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKeyId),
+			awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretAccessKey),
+		)
+	}
+	if attrs.Region != "" {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, awsutil.WithRegion(attrs.Region))
+	}
+	if attrs.RoleArn != "" {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, awsutil.WithRoleArn(attrs.RoleArn))
+	}
+	if attrs.RoleExternalId != "" {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, awsutil.WithRoleExternalId(attrs.RoleExternalId))
+	}
+	if attrs.RoleSessionName != "" {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, awsutil.WithRoleSessionName(attrs.RoleSessionName))
+	}
+	if len(attrs.RoleTags) != 0 {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, awsutil.WithRoleTags(attrs.RoleTags))
+	}
+	if dualStack {
+		awsOpts = append(awsOpts, []awsutil.Option{
+			awsutil.WithIamEndpointResolver(&iamEndpointResolver{
+				dualStack: dualStack,
+			}),
+			awsutil.WithStsEndpointResolver(&stsEndpointResolver{
+				dualStack: dualStack,
+			}),
+		}...)
+	}
+
+	credentialsConfig, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(awsOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	s.CredentialsConfig = credentialsConfig
 	s.CredsLastRotatedTime = credsLastRotatedTime
 
 	return s, nil
 }
+
+// GetCredentialType returns the credential type based on the given
+// AccessKey/RoleARN. See CredentialType definition for more information.
+func GetCredentialType(cc *awsutil.CredentialsConfig) CredentialType {
+	if cc == nil {
+		return Unknown
+	}
+
+	if len(cc.RoleARN) > 0 || strings.HasPrefix(cc.AccessKey, "ASIA") {
+		return DynamicAWS
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(cc.AccessKey, "AKIA") {
+		return StaticAWS
+	}
+	if len(cc.AccessKey) > 0 {
+		return StaticOther
+	}
+
+	return Unknown
+}
+
+type iamEndpointResolver struct {
+	dualStack bool
+}
+
+func (e *iamEndpointResolver) ResolveEndpoint(ctx context.Context, params iam.EndpointParameters) (resolver smithyEndpoints.Endpoint, err error) {
+	params.UseDualStack = aws.Bool(e.dualStack)
+	resolver, err = iam.NewDefaultEndpointResolverV2().ResolveEndpoint(ctx, params)
+	return
+}
+
+type stsEndpointResolver struct {
+	dualStack bool
+}
+
+func (e *stsEndpointResolver) ResolveEndpoint(ctx context.Context, params sts.EndpointParameters) (resolver smithyEndpoints.Endpoint, err error) {
+	params.UseDualStack = aws.Bool(e.dualStack)
+	resolver, err = sts.NewDefaultEndpointResolverV2().ResolveEndpoint(ctx, params)
+	return
+}

internal/credential/testing.go

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package credential
 
 import (
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
+	"context"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/iam"
+
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/iam/iamiface"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/iam"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -26,25 +28,61 @@ func (s *testMockIAMState) Reset() {
 }
 
 type testMockIAM struct {
-	iamiface.IAMAPI
+	awsutil.IAMClient
 
 	State *testMockIAMState
 }
 
-func (m *testMockIAM) DeleteAccessKey(input *iam.DeleteAccessKeyInput) (*iam.DeleteAccessKeyOutput, error) {
+func (m *testMockIAM) DeleteAccessKey(ctx context.Context, input *iam.DeleteAccessKeyInput, opts ...func(*iam.Options)) (*iam.DeleteAccessKeyOutput, error) {
 	m.State.DeleteAccessKeyCalled = true
-	return m.IAMAPI.DeleteAccessKey(input)
+	return m.IAMClient.DeleteAccessKey(ctx, input, opts...)
 }
 
 func newTestMockIAM(state *testMockIAMState, opts ...awsutil.MockIAMOption) awsutil.IAMAPIFunc {
-	return func(sess *session.Session) (iamiface.IAMAPI, error) {
+	return func(awsConfig *aws.Config) (awsutil.IAMClient, error) {
 		m := &testMockIAM{
 			State: state,
 		}
 		f := awsutil.NewMockIAM(opts...)
 		var err error
 
-		m.IAMAPI, err = f(sess)
+		m.IAMClient, err = f(awsConfig)
 		return m, err
 	}
 }
+
+// MockStaticCredentialSecrets returns a *structpb.Struct that contains two
+// key pair values: (access_key_id, AKIA_foobar) & (secret_access_key, bazqux)
+func MockStaticCredentialSecrets() *structpb.Struct {
+	return &structpb.Struct{
+		Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+			ConstAccessKeyId:     structpb.NewStringValue("AKIA_foobar"),
+			ConstSecretAccessKey: structpb.NewStringValue("bazqux"),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// MockAssumeRoleAttributes returns a *structpb.Struct that contains six key pair values:
+//
+//	(region, region)
+//	(disable_credential_rotation, disableRotate)
+//	(role_arn, arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access)
+//	(role_external_id, 1234567890)
+//	(role_session_name, ec2-assume-role-provider)
+//	(role_tags, struct{foo:bar})
+func MockAssumeRoleAttributes(region string, disableRotate bool) *structpb.Struct {
+	return &structpb.Struct{
+		Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+			ConstRegion:                    structpb.NewStringValue(region),
+			ConstDisableCredentialRotation: structpb.NewBoolValue(disableRotate),
+			ConstRoleArn:                   structpb.NewStringValue("arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access"),
+			ConstRoleExternalId:            structpb.NewStringValue("1234567890"),
+			ConstRoleSessionName:           structpb.NewStringValue("ec2-assume-role-provider"),
+			ConstRoleTags: structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"foo": structpb.NewStringValue("bar"),
+				},
+			}),
+		},
+	}
+}

internal/errors/error.go

@@ -1,15 +1,71 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package errors
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/retry"
+	awshttp "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/transport/http"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3/types"
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+)
+
+const (
+	// awsErrorAccessDenied is returned when the credentials do not have
+	// the required permissions to do a specific action on a resource.
+	// This error will persist until the IAM Role Policy is updated by
+	// the owner. This error cannot be resolved by retrying the request.
+	awsErrorAccessDenied = "AccessDenied"
+
+	// awsErrorInvalidAccessKeyId is returned when the credential does
+	// not exist. This error will persist until the credentials attached
+	// to the storage bucket is updated. This error can occur when the
+	// given credentials are deleted, deactivated, or rotated. This
+	// error cannot be resolved by retrying the request.
+	awsErrorInvalidAccessKeyId = "InvalidAccessKeyId"
+
+	// awsErrorExpiredToken is returned when the provided credential is
+	// expired. This error can only be returned by a dynamic credential
+	// type. This error can resolve itself by retrying the request.
+	awsErrorExpiredToken = "ExpiredToken"
+
+	// NoSuchBucket is returned when the specified S3 storage bucket does
+	// not exist
+	awsErrorNoSuchBucket = "NoSuchBucket"
+
+	// BadDigest is returned when an S3 PUT OBJECT request's calculated
+	// checksum does not match the checksum which was sent by the client
+	awsErrorBadDigest = "BadDigest"
+
+	// NoSuchKey is returned when attempting to interact with an S3 object
+	// whose key does not exist
+	awsErrorNoSuchKey = "NoSuchKey"
+
+	// NotFound is returned when attempting to interact with an S3 object
+	// whose key does not exist
+	awsErrorNotFound = "NotFound"
+
+	// The InvalidObjectState error is returned when trying to
+	// access an object that was moved into cold storage.
+	awsErrorInvalidObjectState = "InvalidObjectState"
+
+	// RequestTimeout is returned when an http request takes longer than allowed
+	awsErrorRequestTimeout = "RequestTimeout"
+
+	// RequestTimeoutException is returned when an http request takes longer than allowed
+	awsErrorRequestTimeoutException = "RequestTimeoutException"
 )
 
 // InvalidArgumentError returns an grpc invalid argument status error.
@@ -22,5 +78,205 @@ func InvalidArgumentError(msg string, f map[string]string) error {
 		sort.Strings(fieldMsgs)
 		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s: [%s]", msg, strings.Join(fieldMsgs, ", "))
 	}
-	return status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, msg)
+	return BadRequestStatus(msg)
+}
+
+// ParseAWSError converts an aws service error into a RPC status. This method
+// will handle parsing the following aws error codes: throttling, connections,
+// and credentials. This method will fallback to parsing the http status code
+// when it cannot match an aws error code. This method does not handle specific
+// service type errors such as S3 or EC2.
+func ParseAWSError(op string, err error) (st *status.Status, permission *pb.Permission) {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", op, err)
+	// find the service name of the aws api
+	serviceName := "unknown"
+	var oe *smithy.OperationError
+	if errors.As(err, &oe) {
+		serviceName = oe.Service()
+	}
+
+	// The unknown plugin error code will be used
+	// when the aws service returns an error that
+	// has failed to be parsed. By default, this
+	// error code is retryable.
+
+	defer func() {
+		if st == nil {
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: unknown error: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			st = status.New(codes.Unknown, statusMsg)
+		}
+		if permission == nil {
+			permission = &pb.Permission{State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN, CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now()}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// evaluate against aws throttling error codes
+	throttleErr := retry.ThrottleErrorCode{
+		Codes: retry.DefaultThrottleErrorCodes,
+	}
+	if throttleErr.IsErrorThrottle(err).Bool() {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: throttling: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.Unavailable, statusMsg), nil
+	}
+
+	// match error type against NotFound
+	var notFoundErr *types.NotFound
+	if errors.As(err, &notFoundErr) {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), nil
+	}
+
+	// match error type against NoSuchkey
+	var noSuchKeyErr *types.NoSuchKey
+	if errors.As(err, &noSuchKeyErr) {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), nil
+	}
+
+	// match error type against InvalidObjectState
+	var invalidObjectStateErr *types.InvalidObjectState
+	if errors.As(err, &invalidObjectStateErr) {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), nil
+	}
+
+	// match error type against NoSuchBucket
+	var noSuchBucketErr *types.NoSuchBucket
+	if errors.As(err, &noSuchBucketErr) {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+			State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+			ErrorDetails: noSuchBucketErr.ErrorMessage(),
+			CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	// match error type against AccessDenied
+	var accessDeniedErr *types.AccessDenied
+	if errors.As(err, &accessDeniedErr) {
+		statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: invalid credentials: %s", serviceName, msg)
+		return status.New(codes.PermissionDenied, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+			State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+			ErrorDetails: accessDeniedErr.ErrorMessage(),
+			CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	// fallback to evaluating the smithy APIError code
+	var apiErr smithy.APIError
+	if errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+		switch apiErr.ErrorCode() {
+		case awsErrorAccessDenied:
+			fallthrough
+		case awsErrorInvalidAccessKeyId:
+			fallthrough
+		case awsErrorExpiredToken:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: invalid credentials: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.PermissionDenied, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: apiErr.ErrorMessage(),
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			}
+		case awsErrorNoSuchBucket:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: apiErr.ErrorMessage(),
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			}
+		case awsErrorBadDigest:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.Aborted, statusMsg), nil
+		case awsErrorNoSuchKey:
+			fallthrough
+		case awsErrorNotFound:
+			fallthrough
+		case awsErrorInvalidObjectState:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), nil
+		case awsErrorRequestTimeout:
+			fallthrough
+		case awsErrorRequestTimeoutException:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.DeadlineExceeded, statusMsg), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// fallback to evaluating the http status code
+	var httpErr *awshttp.ResponseError
+	if errors.As(err, &httpErr) {
+		buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+		_, err = buf.ReadFrom(httpErr.Response.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return status.New(codes.Internal, err.Error()), nil
+		}
+		defer httpErr.Response.Body.Close()
+		switch httpErr.HTTPStatusCode() {
+		case http.StatusBadRequest:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: bad request: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.InvalidArgument, statusMsg), nil
+		case http.StatusUnauthorized:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: invalid credentials: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.PermissionDenied, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: buf.String(),
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			}
+		case http.StatusForbidden:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: invalid credentials: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.PermissionDenied, statusMsg), &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: buf.String(),
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			}
+		case http.StatusNotFound:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: resource not found: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.NotFound, statusMsg), nil
+		case http.StatusTooManyRequests:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: throttling: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.Unavailable, statusMsg), nil
+		case http.StatusInternalServerError:
+			fallthrough
+		case http.StatusBadGateway:
+			fallthrough
+		case http.StatusServiceUnavailable:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: connectivity: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.Unavailable, statusMsg), nil
+		case http.StatusRequestTimeout:
+			fallthrough
+		case http.StatusGatewayTimeout:
+			statusMsg := fmt.Sprintf("aws service %s: timeout: %s", serviceName, msg)
+			return status.New(codes.DeadlineExceeded, statusMsg), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return st, nil
+}
+
+// BadRequestStatusf returns a status error with an invalid
+// argument code and a formatted error message.
+func BadRequestStatusf(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return status.New(codes.InvalidArgument, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)).Err()
+}
+
+// BadRequestStatus returns a status error with an invalid
+// argument code and the provided message.
+func BadRequestStatus(msg string) error {
+	return status.New(codes.InvalidArgument, msg).Err()
+}
+
+// UnknownStatusf returns a status error with an internal
+// error code and a formatted error message.
+func UnknownStatusf(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return status.New(codes.Internal, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)).Err()
+}
+
+// UnknownStatus returns a status error with an internal
+// error code and the provided message.
+func UnknownStatus(msg string) error {
+	return status.New(codes.Internal, msg).Err()
 }

internal/errors/error_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package errors
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"net/http"
+
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+)
+
+func Test_ParseAWSError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name               string
+		err                error
+		expectedStatusCode codes.Code
+		expectedStatusMsg  string
+		expectedPermission *pb.Permission
+	}{
+		{
+			name:               "nil-error",
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.OK,
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "default-to-unknwon",
+			err:                fmt.Errorf("what can this error be?"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unknown,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: unknown error: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-bad-request",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusBadRequest, "bad request"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.InvalidArgument,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: bad request: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-unauthorized",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusUnauthorized, "unauthorized request"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "unauthorized request",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-forbidden",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusForbidden, "forbidden request"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "forbidden request",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-not-found",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusNotFound, "not found request"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: resource not found: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-too-many-requests",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusTooManyRequests, "too many requests"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-request-timeout",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusRequestTimeout, "request timeout"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.DeadlineExceeded,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: timeout: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-internal-server-error",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "internal server error"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: connectivity: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-bad-gateway",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusBadGateway, "bad gateway"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: connectivity: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-service-unavailable",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "service unavailable"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: connectivity: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "http-status-code-gateway-timeout",
+			err:                TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusGatewayTimeout, "gateway timeout"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.DeadlineExceeded,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: timeout: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "wrapped-http-status-code-forbidden",
+			err:                fmt.Errorf("wrap: %w", TestAwsHttpResponseError(http.StatusForbidden, "forbidden request")),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "forbidden request",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-throttling",
+			err:                TestAwsError("Throttling", "throttling error"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-throttling-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("ThrottlingException", "throttling exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-throttled-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("ThrottledException", "throttled exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-throttled-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("RequestThrottledException", "request throttled exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-too-many-requests-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("TooManyRequestsException", "too many requests exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-provisioned-throughput-exceeded-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("ProvisionedThroughputExceededException", "provisioned throughput exceeded exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-transaction-in-progress-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("TransactionInProgressException", "transaction in progress exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-limit-exceeded",
+			err:                TestAwsError("RequestLimitExceeded", "request limit exceeded"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-bandwidth-limit-exceeded",
+			err:                TestAwsError("BandwidthLimitExceeded", "bandwidth limit exceeded"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-limit-exceeded-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("LimitExceededException", "limit exceeded exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-throttled",
+			err:                TestAwsError("RequestThrottled", "request throttled"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-slow-down",
+			err:                TestAwsError("SlowDown", "slow down"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-prior-request-not-complete",
+			err:                TestAwsError("PriorRequestNotComplete", "prior request not complete"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-ec2-throttled-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("EC2ThrottledException", "ec2 throttled exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: throttling: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-timeout",
+			err:                TestAwsError("RequestTimeout", "request timeout"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.DeadlineExceeded,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-timeout-exception",
+			err:                TestAwsError("RequestTimeoutException", "request timeout exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.DeadlineExceeded,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-access-denied",
+			err:                TestAwsError(awsErrorAccessDenied, "not authorized to perform action"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "not authorized to perform action",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-invalid-access-key-id",
+			err:                TestAwsError(awsErrorInvalidAccessKeyId, "The AWS Access Key Id you provided does not exist in our records."),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "The AWS Access Key Id you provided does not exist in our records.",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-request-expired-token",
+			err:                TestAwsError(awsErrorExpiredToken, "The security token included in the request is expired."),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "The security token included in the request is expired.",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-s3-typed-not-found",
+			err:                TestAwsS3NotFoundError("object was not found"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-s3-typed-no-such-key",
+			err:                TestAwsS3NoSuchKeyError("key does not exist"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-s3-typed-invalid-object-state",
+			err:                TestAwsS3InvalidObjectStateError("object is archived"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-s3-typed-no-such-bucket",
+			err:                TestAwsS3NoSuchBucketError("bucket does not exist"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "bucket does not exist",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "aws-s3-typed-access-denied",
+			err:                TestAwsS3AccessDeniedError("access denied"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service unknown: invalid credentials: test",
+			expectedPermission: &pb.Permission{
+				State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+				ErrorDetails: "access denied",
+				CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+
+			actualStatus, permission := ParseAWSError("test", tt.err)
+			if tt.expectedStatusCode == codes.OK {
+				require.Nil(actualStatus)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.Equal(tt.expectedStatusCode, actualStatus.Code())
+			require.Contains(actualStatus.Message(), tt.expectedStatusMsg)
+			require.Len(actualStatus.Details(), 0)
+			CheckSimilarPermission(assert, tt.expectedPermission, permission, true)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_BadRequestStatusf(t *testing.T) {
+	require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+	err := BadRequestStatusf("test: %s", "hello world")
+	assert.ErrorContains(err, "test: hello world")
+	assert.Equal(status.Code(err), codes.InvalidArgument)
+	_, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(ok)
+}
+
+func Test_BadRequestStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+	err := BadRequestStatus("test: hello world")
+	assert.ErrorContains(err, "test: hello world")
+	assert.Equal(status.Code(err), codes.InvalidArgument)
+	_, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(ok)
+}
+
+func Test_UnknownStatusf(t *testing.T) {
+	require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+	err := UnknownStatusf("test: %s", "hello world")
+	assert.ErrorContains(err, "test: hello world")
+	assert.Equal(status.Code(err), codes.Internal)
+	_, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(ok)
+}
+
+func Test_UnknownStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+	err := UnknownStatusf("test: hello world")
+	assert.ErrorContains(err, "test: hello world")
+	assert.Equal(status.Code(err), codes.Internal)
+	_, ok := status.FromError(err)
+	require.True(ok)
+}

internal/errors/testing.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package errors
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+
+	awshttp "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws/transport/http"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3/types"
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
+	smithyhttp "github.com/aws/smithy-go/transport/http"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+)
+
+// TestAwsHttpResponseError returns an aws http response error
+func TestAwsHttpResponseError(code int, msg string) error {
+	return &awshttp.ResponseError{
+		ResponseError: &smithyhttp.ResponseError{
+			Response: &smithyhttp.Response{
+				Response: &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: code,
+					Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(msg)),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAwsError returns an generic api error
+func TestAwsError(code, msg string) error {
+	return &smithy.GenericAPIError{
+		Code:    code,
+		Message: msg,
+		Fault:   smithy.FaultServer,
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAwsS3NotFoundError returns an S3 NotFound error.
+func TestAwsS3NotFoundError(msg string) error {
+	return &types.NotFound{Message: &msg}
+}
+
+// TestAwsS3NoSuchKeyError returns an S3 NoSuchKey error.
+func TestAwsS3NoSuchKeyError(msg string) error {
+	return &types.NoSuchKey{Message: &msg}
+}
+
+// TestAwsS3InvalidObjectStateError returns an S3 InvalidObjectState error.
+func TestAwsS3InvalidObjectStateError(msg string) error {
+	return &types.InvalidObjectState{Message: &msg}
+}
+
+// TestAwsS3NoSuchBucketError returns an S3 NoSuchBucket error.
+func TestAwsS3NoSuchBucketError(msg string) error {
+	return &types.NoSuchBucket{Message: &msg}
+}
+
+// TestAwsS3AccessDeniedError returns an S3 AccessDenied error.
+func TestAwsS3AccessDeniedError(msg string) error {
+	return &types.AccessDenied{Message: &msg}
+}
+
+func CheckSimilarPermission(assert *assert.Assertions, expected, actual *pb.Permission, substituteNilWithDefaultOk bool) {
+	if expected == nil && substituteNilWithDefaultOk {
+		expected = &pb.Permission{
+			State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	if expected != nil {
+		assert.NotNil(actual)
+		if actual != nil {
+			assert.Equal(expected.State, actual.State, "StateType mismatch")
+			assert.Equal(expected.ErrorDetails, actual.ErrorDetails)
+			assert.NotNil(actual.CheckedAt)
+		}
+	} else {
+		assert.Equal(expected, actual)
+	}
+}

internal/values/proto.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package values
@@ -84,6 +84,33 @@ func GetTimeValue(in *structpb.Struct, k string) (time.Time, error) {
 	return t, nil
 }
 
+// GetMapStringString returns a map[string]string value and no error if the given key
+// is found in the provided proto struct input. An error is returned if the key
+// is not found or the value type is not map[string]string.
+func GetMapStringString(in *structpb.Struct, k string, required bool) (map[string]string, error) {
+	mv := in.GetFields()
+	v, ok := mv[k]
+	if !ok {
+		if required {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing required value %q", k)
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	result := map[string]string{}
+	m, ok := v.AsInterface().(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type for value %q: want map[string]string, got %T", k, v.AsInterface())
+	}
+	for mapKey, mapValue := range m {
+		e, ok := mapValue.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type for value in map[%q]: want string, got %T", mapKey, mapValue)
+		}
+		result[mapKey] = e
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 // StructFields returns a map[string]struct{} of the
 // proto struct input.
 func StructFields(s *structpb.Struct) map[string]struct{} {

internal/values/proto_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package values
@@ -208,3 +208,95 @@ func TestGetTimeValue(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGetMapStringString(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		in          *structpb.Struct
+		key         string
+		required    bool
+		expected    map[string]string
+		expectedErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "required missing",
+			in:          &structpb.Struct{},
+			key:         "foo",
+			required:    true,
+			expectedErr: "missing required value \"foo\"",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "optional missing",
+			in:   &structpb.Struct{},
+			key:  "foo",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non-map[string]string value",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"foo": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
+			},
+			key:         "foo",
+			expectedErr: "unexpected type for value \"foo\": want map[string]string, got bool",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty map",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"foo": structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+						Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{},
+					}),
+				},
+			},
+			key:      "foo",
+			expected: map[string]string{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non-string value in map",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"foo": structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+						Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+							"bar": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+						},
+					}),
+				},
+			},
+			key:         "foo",
+			expectedErr: "unexpected type for value in map[\"bar\"]: want string, got bool",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "good",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"foo": structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+						Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+							"bar": structpb.NewStringValue("zoo"),
+						},
+					}),
+				},
+			},
+			key: "foo",
+			expected: map[string]string{
+				"bar": "zoo",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require := require.New(t)
+
+			actual, err := GetMapStringString(tc.in, tc.key, tc.required)
+			if tc.expectedErr != "" {
+				require.EqualError(err, tc.expectedErr)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(err)
+			require.Equal(tc.expected, actual)
+		})
+	}
+}

plugin/plugin.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package plugin
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@ type AwsPlugin struct {
 func NewAwsPlugin() *AwsPlugin {
 	return &AwsPlugin{
 		HostPlugin:    &host.HostPlugin{},
-		StoragePlugin: &storage.StoragePlugin{},
+		StoragePlugin: storage.New(),
 	}
 }

plugin/service/host/README.md

@@ -105,18 +105,27 @@ a configured IAM user for this provider:
 The following `attributes` are valid on an AWS host catalog resource:
 
 - `disable_credential_rotation` (bool): If `true`, credential rotation will not
-  be performed. See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) section
+  be performed. See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) readme for more information.
-  above.
 - `region` (string): The region to configure the host catalog for. All host sets
   in this catalog will be configured for this region.
+- `role_arn` (string): The AWS Role ARN used for `AssumeRole` authentication. If
+  provided, `disable_credential_rotation` must be also set to `true.
+- `role_external_id` (string):  The external id configured for the `AssumeRole`
+  provider.
+- `role_session_name` (string): The session name configured for the `AssumeRole`
+  provider.
+- `role_tags` (object): The key-value pair tags configured for the `AssumeRole`
+  provider.
 
-The following `secrets` are valid on an AWS host catalog resource:
+The following `secrets` are required on an AWS host catalog resource:
 
 - `access_key_id` (string): The access key ID for the IAM user to use with this
   host catalog.
 - `secret_access_key` (string): The secret access key for the IAM user to use
   with this host catalog.
 
+See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) readme for more information.
+
 ### Host Set
 
 The following attributes are valid on an AWS host Set resource:

plugin/service/host/attributes.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ import (
 // map.
 type CatalogAttributes struct {
 	*cred.CredentialAttributes
+
+	// DualStack is used for configuring how the aws client will resolve requests.
+	DualStack bool
 }
 
 func getCatalogAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CatalogAttributes, error) {
@@ -31,6 +34,12 @@ func getCatalogAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CatalogAttributes, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	dualStack, err := values.GetBoolValue(in, ConstAwsDualStack, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstAwsDualStack)] = err.Error()
+	}
+	delete(unknownFields, ConstAwsDualStack)
+
 	for s := range unknownFields {
 		switch s {
 		// Ignore knownFields from CredentialAttributes
@@ -38,6 +47,14 @@ func getCatalogAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CatalogAttributes, error) {
 			continue
 		case cred.ConstDisableCredentialRotation:
 			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleArn:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleExternalId:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleSessionName:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleTags:
+			continue
 		default:
 			badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", s)] = "unrecognized field"
 		}
@@ -49,6 +66,7 @@ func getCatalogAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*CatalogAttributes, error) {
 
 	return &CatalogAttributes{
 		CredentialAttributes: credAttributes,
+		DualStack:            dualStack,
 	}, nil
 }
 

plugin/service/host/attributes_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	cred "github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
@@ -20,36 +21,50 @@ import (
 func TestGetCatalogAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name                string
-		in                  map[string]any
+		in                  *structpb.Struct
 		expected            *CatalogAttributes
 		expectedErrContains string
 	}{
 		{
-			name:                "missing region",
+			name: "missing region",
-			in:                  map[string]any{},
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: make(map[string]*structpb.Value),
+			},
 			expectedErrContains: "missing required value \"region\"",
 		},
-		{
-			name: "bad value for disable_credential_rotation",
-			in: map[string]any{
-				credential.ConstRegion:                    "us-west-2",
-				credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: "sure",
-			},
-			expectedErrContains: "unexpected type for value \"disable_credential_rotation\": want bool, got string",
-		},
 		{
 			name: "unknown fields",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				credential.ConstRegion: "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				"foo":                  true,
+					"region": structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
-				"bar":                  true,
+					"foo":    structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+					"bar":    structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
 			},
 			expectedErrContains: "attributes.bar: unrecognized field, attributes.foo: unrecognized field",
 		},
+		{
+			name: "with dual stack",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"region":     structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+					"dual_stack": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
+			},
+			expected: &CatalogAttributes{
+				CredentialAttributes: &credential.CredentialAttributes{
+					Region:                    "us-west-2",
+					DisableCredentialRotation: false,
+				},
+				DualStack: true,
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "default",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				credential.ConstRegion: "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"region": structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+				},
 			},
 			expected: &CatalogAttributes{
 				CredentialAttributes: &credential.CredentialAttributes{
@@ -59,15 +74,31 @@ func TestGetCatalogAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "with disable_credential_rotation",
+			name: "credential attributes",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				credential.ConstRegion:                    "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: true,
+					"region":                      structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+					"disable_credential_rotation": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+					"role_arn":                    structpb.NewStringValue("arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access"),
+					"role_external_id":            structpb.NewStringValue("1234567890"),
+					"role_session_name":           structpb.NewStringValue("test-session"),
+					"role_tags": structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+						Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+							"foo": structpb.NewStringValue("bar"),
+						},
+					}),
+				},
 			},
 			expected: &CatalogAttributes{
-				CredentialAttributes: &credential.CredentialAttributes{
+				CredentialAttributes: &cred.CredentialAttributes{
 					Region:                    "us-west-2",
 					DisableCredentialRotation: true,
+					RoleArn:                   "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+					RoleExternalId:            "1234567890",
+					RoleSessionName:           "test-session",
+					RoleTags: map[string]string{
+						"foo": "bar",
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -78,10 +109,7 @@ func TestGetCatalogAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			require := require.New(t)
 
-			input, err := structpb.NewStruct(tc.in)
+			actual, err := getCatalogAttributes(tc.in)
-			require.NoError(err)
-
-			actual, err := getCatalogAttributes(input)
 			if tc.expectedErrContains != "" {
 				require.Error(err)
 				require.Contains(err.Error(), tc.expectedErrContains)

plugin/service/host/const.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
@@ -10,4 +10,7 @@ const (
 	// ConstInstanceNameTagKey denotes the special AWS tag key that contains an EC2
 	// instance's name. This field is to be matched literally.
 	ConstInstanceNameTagKey = "Name"
+
+	// ConstAwsDualStack is the key for the dualstack flag in the aws s3 client.
+	ConstAwsDualStack = "dual_stack"
 )

plugin/service/host/plugin.go

@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
 package host
 
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/awserr"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2/types"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/errors"
 	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
-
-	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
-	cred "github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
 )
 
 // HostPlugin implements the HostPluginServiceServer interface for the
@@ -41,24 +39,19 @@ var _ pb.HostPluginServiceServer = (*HostPlugin)(nil)
 func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateCatalogRequest) (*pb.OnCreateCatalogResponse, error) {
 	catalog := req.GetCatalog()
 	if catalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog is required")
-	}
-
-	secrets := catalog.GetSecrets()
-	if secrets == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "secrets are required")
 	}
 
 	attrs := catalog.GetAttributes()
 	if attrs == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "attributes are required")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("attributes are required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(attrs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	credConfig, err := cred.GetCredentialsConfig(secrets, catalogAttributes.Region)
+	credConfig, err := credential.GetCredentialsConfig(catalog.GetSecrets(), catalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes, catalogAttributes.DualStack)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -66,13 +59,18 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateCatalo
 	// Set up the creds in our persisted state.
 	credState, err := credential.NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(
 		append([]credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption{
-			credential.WithAccessKeyId(credConfig.AccessKey),
+			credential.WithCredentialsConfig(credConfig),
-			credential.WithSecretAccessKey(credConfig.SecretKey),
-			credential.WithRegion(credConfig.Region),
 		}, p.testCredStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error setting up persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error setting up persisted state: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	// Try to rotate AWS static credentials
+	if credential.GetCredentialType(credState.CredentialsConfig) == credential.StaticAWS && !catalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation {
+		if err := credState.RotateCreds(ctx); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
 	catalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -81,24 +79,21 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateCatalo
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error setting up persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error setting up persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	// Try to rotate the credentials if we're not skipping them.
+	// perform dry run to ensure we can interact with AWS as expected.
-	if !catalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation {
+	opts := []ec2Option{}
-		if err := credState.RotateCreds(); err != nil {
+	if catalogAttributes.DualStack {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error during credential rotation: %s", err)
+		opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(catalogAttributes.DualStack))
-		}
+	}
-	} else {
+	if st := dryRunValidation(ctx, catalogState, opts); st != nil {
-		// Simply validate if we aren't rotating.
+		return nil, st.Err()
-		if err := credState.ValidateCreds(); err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error during credential validation: %s", err)
-		}
 	}
 
 	persistedProto, err := catalogState.toProto()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, err.Error())
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error converting persisted state to proto: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	return &pb.OnCreateCatalogResponse{
@@ -111,42 +106,105 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateCatalo
 	// For host catalogs we only need to really validate what is
 	// currently in the new copy of the host catalog data, so skip
 	// fetching the new copy to keep things a little less messy.
-	catalog := req.GetNewCatalog()
+	currentCatalog := req.GetCurrentCatalog()
-	if catalog == nil {
+	if currentCatalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("current catalog is required")
+	}
+	newCatalog := req.GetNewCatalog()
+	if newCatalog == nil {
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("new catalog is required")
 	}
 
-	var updateSecrets bool
+	oldAttrs := currentCatalog.GetAttributes()
-	secrets := catalog.GetSecrets()
+	if oldAttrs == nil {
-	if secrets != nil {
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("current catalog attributes are required")
-		// We will be updating secrets this run, but what exactly that
-		// means will be determined later.
-		updateSecrets = true
 	}
-
+	oldCatalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(oldAttrs)
-	attrs := catalog.GetAttributes()
+	if err != nil {
-	if attrs == nil {
+		return nil, err
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new catalog missing attributes")
 	}
-
+	newAttrs := newCatalog.GetAttributes()
-	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(attrs)
+	if newAttrs == nil {
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("new catalog attributes are required")
+	}
+	newCatalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(newAttrs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Get the persisted data.
-	// NOTE: We might need to change this at a later time. I'm not too
-	// sure *exactly* what scenarios we might encounter that would
-	// ultimately mean that we would have to handle an empty or missing
-	// state in update, but what we are ultimately assuming here
-	// (implicitly through awsCatalogPersistedStateFromProto) is that
-	// the state will exist and be populated. Personally I think this
-	// is fine and important, but this may change in the future.
 	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(
 		req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(),
-		append(p.testCredStateOpts, credential.WithRegion(catalogAttributes.Region))...)
+		oldCatalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes,
+		oldCatalogAttributes.DualStack,
+		p.testCredStateOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify the incoming credentials are valid and return any errors to the
+	// user if they're not. Note this doesn't validate the credentials against
+	// AWS - it only does logical validation on the fields.
+	updatedCredentials, err := credential.GetCredentialsConfig(newCatalog.GetSecrets(), newCatalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes, newCatalogAttributes.DualStack)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// We will be updating credentials when one of two changes occur:
+	// 1. the new catalog has secrets for static credentials, in which case we need to delete the old static credentials
+	// 2. the new catalog has a different roleARN value for dynamic credentials
+	if newCatalog.GetSecrets() != nil || newCatalogAttributes.RoleArn != oldCatalogAttributes.RoleArn {
+		// Ensure the incoming credentials are valid for interaction with the S3
+		// Bucket before replacing them.
+		newCredState, err := credential.NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(
+			append([]credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption{
+				credential.WithCredentialsConfig(updatedCredentials),
+			}, p.testCredStateOpts...)...,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error setting up new credential persisted state: %s", err)
+		}
+		newCatalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
+			append([]awsCatalogPersistedStateOption{
+				withCredentials(newCredState),
+			}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		}
+		opts := []ec2Option{}
+		if newCatalogAttributes.DualStack {
+			opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(newCatalogAttributes.DualStack))
+		}
+		if st := dryRunValidation(ctx, newCatalogState, opts); st != nil {
+			return nil, st.Err()
+		}
+
+		// Replace the existing credential state.
+		// This checks the timestamp on the last rotation time as well
+		// and deletes the credentials if we are managing them
+		// (ie: if we've rotated them before).
+		if err := credState.ReplaceCreds(ctx, updatedCredentials); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if credential.GetCredentialType(credState.CredentialsConfig) == credential.StaticAWS {
+		// This is a validate check to make sure that we aren't disabling
+		// rotation for credentials currently being managed by rotation.
+		// This is not allowed.
+		if newCatalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation && newCatalog.GetSecrets() == nil {
+			if !credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
+				return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("cannot disable rotation for already-rotated credentials")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If we're enabling rotation now but didn't before, or have
+		// freshly replaced credentials, we can rotate here.
+		if !newCatalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation && credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
+			if err := credState.RotateCreds(ctx); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	catalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -155,44 +213,21 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateCatalo
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if catalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation && !updateSecrets {
+	// perform dry run to ensure we can interact with AWS as expected.
-		// This is a validate check to make sure that we aren't disabling
+	opts := []ec2Option{}
-		// rotation for credentials currently being managed by rotation.
+	if newCatalogAttributes.DualStack {
-		// This is not allowed.
+		opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(newCatalogAttributes.DualStack))
-		if !credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
+	}
-			return nil, status.Error(codes.FailedPrecondition, "cannot disable rotation for already-rotated credentials")
+	if st := dryRunValidation(ctx, catalogState, opts); st != nil {
-		}
+		return nil, st.Err()
 	}
 
-	if updateSecrets {
-		catalogSecrets, err := credential.GetCredentialsConfig(secrets, catalogAttributes.Region)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		// Replace the credentials. This checks the timestamp on the last
-		// rotation time as well and deletes the credentials if we are
-		// managing them (ie: if we've rotated them before).
-		if err := credState.ReplaceCreds(catalogSecrets.AccessKey, catalogSecrets.SecretKey); err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error attempting to replace credentials: %s", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !catalogAttributes.DisableCredentialRotation && credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
-		// If we're enabling rotation now but didn't before, or have
-		// freshly replaced credentials, we can rotate here.
-		if err := credState.RotateCreds(); err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error during credential rotation: %s", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// That's it!
 	persistedProto, err := catalogState.toProto()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, err.Error())
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error converting persisted state to proto: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	return &pb.OnUpdateCatalogResponse{
@@ -204,12 +239,12 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateCatalo
 func (p *HostPlugin) OnDeleteCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnDeleteCatalogRequest) (*pb.OnDeleteCatalogResponse, error) {
 	catalog := req.GetCatalog()
 	if catalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog is required")
 	}
 
 	attrs := catalog.GetAttributes()
 	if attrs == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new catalog missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog attributes are required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(attrs)
@@ -225,9 +260,11 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnDeleteCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnDeleteCatalo
 	// may be corrupt/and or legitimately missing.
 	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(
 		req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(),
-		append(p.testCredStateOpts, credential.WithRegion(catalogAttributes.Region))...)
+		catalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes,
+		catalogAttributes.DualStack,
+		p.testCredStateOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	_, err = newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -236,15 +273,18 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnDeleteCatalog(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnDeleteCatalo
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if !credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
+	// try to delete static credentials
-		// Delete old/existing credentials. This is done with the same
+	if credential.GetCredentialType(credState.CredentialsConfig) == credential.StaticAWS {
-		// credentials to ensure that it has the proper permissions to do
+		if !credState.CredsLastRotatedTime.IsZero() {
-		// it.
+			// Delete old/existing credentials. This is done with the same
-		if err := credState.DeleteCreds(); err != nil {
+			// credentials to ensure that it has the proper permissions to do
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Aborted, "error removing rotated credentials during catalog deletion: %s", err)
+			// it.
+			if err := credState.DeleteCreds(ctx); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -282,12 +322,12 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) NormalizeSetData(ctx context.Context, req *pb.NormalizeSetD
 func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateSetRequest) (*pb.OnCreateSetResponse, error) {
 	catalog := req.GetCatalog()
 	if catalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog is required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttrsRaw := catalog.GetAttributes()
 	if catalogAttrsRaw == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog attributes are required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(catalogAttrsRaw)
@@ -297,9 +337,11 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateSetRequest
 
 	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(
 		req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(),
-		append(p.testCredStateOpts, credential.WithRegion(catalogAttributes.Region))...)
+		catalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes,
+		catalogAttributes.DualStack,
+		p.testCredStateOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	catalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -308,55 +350,47 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnCreateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnCreateSetRequest
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	set := req.GetSet()
 	if set == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "set is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("set is required")
 	}
 
 	if set.GetAttributes() == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "set missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("set attributes are required")
 	}
 	setAttrs, err := getSetAttributes(set.GetAttributes())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	ec2Client, err := catalogState.EC2Client(catalogAttributes.Region)
+	describeInstanceFilters, err := buildFilters(setAttrs)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error getting EC2 client: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error building set filters: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	input, err := buildDescribeInstancesInput(setAttrs, true)
+	opts := []ec2Option{}
-	if err != nil {
+	if catalogAttributes.DualStack {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error building DescribeInstances parameters: %s", err)
+		opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(catalogAttributes.DualStack))
 	}
-
+	if st := dryRunValidation(ctx, catalogState, opts, describeInstanceFilters...); st != nil {
-	_, err = ec2Client.DescribeInstances(input)
+		return nil, st.Err()
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.FailedPrecondition, "query error: DescribeInstances DryRun should have returned error, but none was found")
 	}
-
+	return &pb.OnCreateSetResponse{}, nil
-	if awsErr, ok := err.(awserr.Error); ok && awsErr.Code() == "DryRunOperation" {
-		// Success
-		return &pb.OnCreateSetResponse{}, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error performing dry run of DescribeInstances: %s", err)
 }
 
 // OnUpdateSet is called when a dynamic host set is updated.
 func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateSetRequest) (*pb.OnUpdateSetResponse, error) {
 	catalog := req.GetCatalog()
 	if catalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog is required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttrsRaw := catalog.GetAttributes()
 	if catalogAttrsRaw == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog attributes are required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(catalogAttrsRaw)
@@ -366,9 +400,11 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateSetRequest
 
 	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(
 		req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(),
-		append(p.testCredStateOpts, credential.WithRegion(catalogAttributes.Region))...)
+		catalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes,
+		catalogAttributes.DualStack,
+		p.testCredStateOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	catalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -377,45 +413,38 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnUpdateSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnUpdateSetRequest
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	// As with catalog, we don't need to really look at the old host
 	// set here, just need to work off of/validate the new set config
 	set := req.GetNewSet()
 	if set == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new set is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("new set is required")
 	}
 
 	if set.GetAttributes() == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "new set missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("new set attributes are required")
 	}
 	setAttrs, err := getSetAttributes(set.GetAttributes())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	ec2Client, err := catalogState.EC2Client(catalogAttributes.Region)
+	describeInstanceFilters, err := buildFilters(setAttrs)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error getting EC2 client: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error building set filters: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	input, err := buildDescribeInstancesInput(setAttrs, true)
+	opts := []ec2Option{}
-	if err != nil {
+	if catalogAttributes.DualStack {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error building DescribeInstances parameters: %s", err)
+		opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(catalogAttributes.DualStack))
+	}
+	if st := dryRunValidation(ctx, catalogState, opts, describeInstanceFilters...); st != nil {
+		return nil, st.Err()
 	}
 
-	_, err = ec2Client.DescribeInstances(input)
+	return &pb.OnUpdateSetResponse{}, nil
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.FailedPrecondition, "query error: DescribeInstances DryRun should have returned error, but none was found")
-	}
-
-	if awsErr, ok := err.(awserr.Error); ok && awsErr.Code() == "DryRunOperation" {
-		// Success
-		return &pb.OnUpdateSetResponse{}, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error performing dry run of DescribeInstances: %s", err)
 }
 
 // OnDeleteSet is called when a dynamic host set is deleted.
@@ -429,12 +458,12 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) OnDeleteSet(ctx context.Context, req *pb.OnDeleteSetRequest
 func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*pb.ListHostsResponse, error) {
 	catalog := req.GetCatalog()
 	if catalog == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog is required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttrsRaw := catalog.GetAttributes()
 	if catalogAttrsRaw == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "catalog missing attributes")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("catalog attributes are required")
 	}
 
 	catalogAttributes, err := getCatalogAttributes(catalogAttrsRaw)
@@ -442,9 +471,13 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(), p.testCredStateOpts...)
+	credState, err := credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateFromProto(
+		req.GetPersisted().GetSecrets(),
+		catalogAttributes.CredentialAttributes,
+		catalogAttributes.DualStack,
+		p.testCredStateOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	catalogState, err := newAwsCatalogPersistedState(
@@ -453,12 +486,12 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 		}, p.testCatalogStateOpts...)...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error loading persisted state: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error loading persisted state: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	sets := req.GetSets()
 	if sets == nil {
-		return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "sets is nil")
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("sets are required")
 	}
 
 	// Build all the queries in advance.
@@ -473,11 +506,11 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 	for i, set := range sets {
 		// Validate Id since we use it in output
 		if set.GetId() == "" {
-			return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "set missing id")
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatus("set id is required")
 		}
 
 		if set.GetAttributes() == nil {
-			return nil, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "set missing attributes")
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("set %s attributes are required", set.GetId())
 		}
 		setAttrs, err := getSetAttributes(set.GetAttributes())
 		if err != nil {
@@ -486,7 +519,7 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 
 		input, err := buildDescribeInstancesInput(setAttrs, false)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error building DescribeInstances parameters for host set id %q: %s", set.GetId(), err)
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error building DescribeInstances parameters for host set id %q: %s", set.GetId(), err)
 		}
 		queries[i] = hostSetQuery{
 			Id:    set.GetId(),
@@ -494,17 +527,21 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 		}
 	}
 
-	ec2Client, err := catalogState.EC2Client(catalogAttributes.Region)
+	opts := []ec2Option{}
+	if catalogAttributes.DualStack {
+		opts = append(opts, WithDualStack(catalogAttributes.DualStack))
+	}
+	ec2Client, err := catalogState.EC2Client(ctx, opts...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error getting EC2 client: %s", err)
+		return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error getting EC2 client: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	// Run all queries now and assemble output.
 	var maxLen int
 	for i, query := range queries {
-		output, err := ec2Client.DescribeInstances(query.Input)
+		output, err := ec2Client.DescribeInstances(ctx, query.Input)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error running DescribeInstances for host set id %q: %s", query.Id, err)
+			return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error running DescribeInstances for host set id %q: %s", query.Id, err)
 		}
 
 		queries[i].Output = output
@@ -515,7 +552,7 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 			for _, instance := range reservation.Instances {
 				host, err := awsInstanceToHost(instance)
 				if err != nil {
-					return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "error processing host results for host set id %q: %s", query.Id, err)
+					return nil, errors.BadRequestStatusf("error processing host results for host set id %q: %s", query.Id, err)
 				}
 
 				queries[i].OutputHosts = append(queries[i].OutputHosts, host)
@@ -556,8 +593,8 @@ func (p *HostPlugin) ListHosts(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListHostsRequest) (*
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func buildFilters(attrs *SetAttributes) ([]*ec2.Filter, error) {
+func buildFilters(attrs *SetAttributes) ([]types.Filter, error) {
-	var filters []*ec2.Filter
+	var filters []types.Filter
 	var foundStateFilter bool
 	for _, filterAttr := range attrs.Filters {
 		// Each filter arrives in "k=v1,v2" format. First, split on equal sign.
@@ -576,14 +613,9 @@ func buildFilters(attrs *SetAttributes) ([]*ec2.Filter, error) {
 			foundStateFilter = true
 		}
 
-		var filterValues []*string
+		filters = append(filters, types.Filter{
-		for _, val := range strings.Split(filterValue, ",") {
-			filterValues = append(filterValues, aws.String(val))
-		}
-
-		filters = append(filters, &ec2.Filter{
 			Name:   aws.String(filterKey),
-			Values: filterValues,
+			Values: strings.Split(filterValue, ","),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -592,9 +624,9 @@ func buildFilters(attrs *SetAttributes) ([]*ec2.Filter, error) {
 		// instance-state-name = ["running"] to the filter set. This
 		// ensures that we filter on running instances only at the API
 		// side, saving time when processing results.
-		filters = append(filters, &ec2.Filter{
+		filters = append(filters, types.Filter{
 			Name:   aws.String("instance-state-name"),
-			Values: aws.StringSlice([]string{ec2.InstanceStateNameRunning}),
+			Values: []string{string(types.InstanceStateNameRunning)},
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -616,97 +648,49 @@ func buildDescribeInstancesInput(attrs *SetAttributes, dryRun bool) (*ec2.Descri
 // awsInstanceToHost processes data from an ec2.Instance and returns
 // a ListHostsResponseHost with the ID and network addresses
 // populated.
-func awsInstanceToHost(instance *ec2.Instance) (*pb.ListHostsResponseHost, error) {
+func awsInstanceToHost(instance types.Instance) (*pb.ListHostsResponseHost, error) {
-	// Integrity check: some fields should always be non-nil. Check
+	if aws.ToString(instance.InstanceId) == "" {
-	// those.
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("response integrity error: missing instance id")
-	if instance == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("response integrity error: missing instance entry")
-	}
-
-	if aws.StringValue(instance.InstanceId) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("response integrity error: missing instance id")
 	}
 
 	result := new(pb.ListHostsResponseHost)
 
 	// External ID is the instance ID.
-	result.ExternalId = aws.StringValue(instance.InstanceId)
+	result.ExternalId = aws.ToString(instance.InstanceId)
 
 	// External Name is the AWS "Name" tag, if it exists.
 	for _, t := range instance.Tags {
-		if aws.StringValue(t.Key) == ConstInstanceNameTagKey {
+		if aws.ToString(t.Key) == ConstInstanceNameTagKey {
-			result.ExternalName = aws.StringValue(t.Value)
+			result.ExternalName = aws.ToString(t.Value)
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
-	// First IP address/dns name are always the private fields if they
+	result.IpAddresses = appendDistinct(result.IpAddresses, instance.PrivateIpAddress, instance.PublicIpAddress)
-	// are populated
+	result.DnsNames = appendDistinct(result.DnsNames, instance.PrivateDnsName, instance.PublicDnsName)
-	if aws.StringValue(instance.PrivateIpAddress) != "" {
-		result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(instance.PrivateIpAddress))
-	}
-	if aws.StringValue(instance.PrivateDnsName) != "" {
-		result.DnsNames = append(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(instance.PrivateDnsName))
-	}
-
-	// Public IP address/dns names are next
-	if aws.StringValue(instance.PublicIpAddress) != "" {
-		result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(instance.PublicIpAddress))
-	}
-	if aws.StringValue(instance.PublicDnsName) != "" {
-		result.DnsNames = append(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(instance.PublicDnsName))
-	}
 
 	// Now go through all of the interfaces and log the IP address of
 	// every interface.
 	for _, iface := range instance.NetworkInterfaces {
-		if iface == nil {
-			// Probably will never happen, but just in case
-			return nil, errors.New("response integrity error: interface entry is nil")
-		}
-
 		// Populate default IP addresses/DNS name similar to how we do
 		// for the entire instance.
-		if aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateIpAddress) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateIpAddress)) {
+		result.IpAddresses = appendDistinct(result.IpAddresses, iface.PrivateIpAddress)
-			result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateIpAddress))
+		result.DnsNames = appendDistinct(result.DnsNames, iface.PrivateDnsName)
-		}
-		if aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateDnsName) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateDnsName)) {
-			result.DnsNames = append(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(iface.PrivateDnsName))
-		}
 
 		// Iterate through the private IP addresses and log the
 		// information.
 		for _, addr := range iface.PrivateIpAddresses {
-			if addr == nil {
+			result.IpAddresses = appendDistinct(result.IpAddresses, addr.PrivateIpAddress)
-				return nil, errors.New("response integrity error: interface address entry is nil")
+			result.DnsNames = appendDistinct(result.DnsNames, addr.PrivateDnsName)
-			}
+			if addr.Association != nil {
-
+				result.IpAddresses = appendDistinct(result.IpAddresses, addr.Association.PublicIp)
-			// Add private address/dns name if they have not been added yet
+				result.DnsNames = appendDistinct(result.DnsNames, addr.Association.PublicDnsName)
-			if aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateIpAddress) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateIpAddress)) {
-				result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateIpAddress))
-			}
-			if aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateDnsName) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateDnsName)) {
-				result.DnsNames = append(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(addr.PrivateDnsName))
-			}
-
-			// Add public address/dns name if they have not been added yet
-			if addr.Association != nil && aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicIp) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicIp)) {
-				result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicIp))
-			}
-			if addr.Association != nil && aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicDnsName) != "" && !stringInSlice(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicDnsName)) {
-				result.DnsNames = append(result.DnsNames, aws.StringValue(addr.Association.PublicDnsName))
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Add the IPv6 addresses.
 		for _, addr := range iface.Ipv6Addresses {
-			if addr == nil {
+			result.IpAddresses = appendDistinct(result.IpAddresses, addr.Ipv6Address)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if addr.Ipv6Address != nil && aws.StringValue(addr.Ipv6Address) != "" {
-				result.IpAddresses = append(result.IpAddresses, aws.StringValue(addr.Ipv6Address))
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -714,12 +698,47 @@ func awsInstanceToHost(instance *ec2.Instance) (*pb.ListHostsResponseHost, error
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+// dryRunValidation performs an AWS DescribeInstances call to verify the state's
+// credentials, the host listing functionality as well as the filters, if any
+// are passed in. This function can therefore be used for both host catalog and
+// host set validation.
+func dryRunValidation(ctx context.Context, state *awsCatalogPersistedState, ec2Opts []ec2Option, filters ...types.Filter) *status.Status {
+	if state == nil {
+		return status.New(codes.InvalidArgument, "persisted state is required")
+	}
+
+	ec2Client, err := state.EC2Client(ctx, ec2Opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return status.New(codes.InvalidArgument, fmt.Sprintf("error getting EC2 client: %s", err))
+	}
+
+	_, err = ec2Client.DescribeInstances(ctx, &ec2.DescribeInstancesInput{Filters: filters})
+	if err != nil {
+		return status.New(codes.FailedPrecondition, fmt.Sprintf("aws describe instances failed: %s", err))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// appendDistinct will append the elements to the slice
+// if an element is not nil, empty, and does not exist in slice.
+func appendDistinct(slice []string, elems ...*string) []string {
+	for _, e := range elems {
+		value := aws.ToString(e)
+		if value == "" || stringInSlice(slice, value) {
+			continue
+		}
+		slice = append(slice, value)
+	}
+	return slice
+}
+
+// stringInSlice returns true if the slice contains the given element.
 func stringInSlice(s []string, x string) bool {
 	for _, y := range s {
 		if x == y {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
-
 	return false
 }

plugin/service/host/state.go

@@ -1,39 +1,25 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2"
+	smithyEndpoints "github.com/aws/smithy-go/endpoints"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2/ec2iface"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
 	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
-var customClient = &http.Client{
+type EC2API interface {
-	Transport: &http.Transport{
+	DescribeInstances(context.Context, *ec2.DescribeInstancesInput, ...func(*ec2.Options)) (*ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput, error)
-		Proxy: http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
-		DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
-			Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
-			KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
-			DualStack: true,
-		}).DialContext,
-	},
 }
 
-type ec2APIFunc func(*session.Session, ...*aws.Config) (ec2iface.EC2API, error)
-
-type awsCatalogPersistedStateOption func(s *awsCatalogPersistedState) error
-
 type awsCatalogPersistedState struct {
 	*credential.AwsCredentialPersistedState
 
@@ -41,6 +27,10 @@ type awsCatalogPersistedState struct {
 	testEC2APIFunc ec2APIFunc
 }
 
+type ec2APIFunc func(...aws.Config) (EC2API, error)
+
+type awsCatalogPersistedStateOption func(s *awsCatalogPersistedState) error
+
 func withTestEC2APIFunc(f ec2APIFunc) awsCatalogPersistedStateOption {
 	return func(s *awsCatalogPersistedState) error {
 		if s.testEC2APIFunc != nil {
@@ -83,22 +73,70 @@ func (s *awsCatalogPersistedState) toProto() (*pb.HostCatalogPersisted, error) {
 
 // EC2Client returns a configured EC2 client based on the session
 // information stored in the state.
-func (s *awsCatalogPersistedState) EC2Client(region string) (ec2iface.EC2API, error) {
+func (s *awsCatalogPersistedState) EC2Client(ctx context.Context, opt ...ec2Option) (EC2API, error) {
-	sess, err := s.GetSession()
+	opts, err := getOpts(opt...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting AWS session when fetching EC2 client: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing options when fetching EC2 client: %w", err)
+	}
+	awsCfg, err := s.GenerateCredentialChain(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting AWS configuration when fetching EC2 client: %w", err)
+	}
+	if awsCfg == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil aws configuration")
+	}
+	var ec2Opts []func(*ec2.Options)
+	if opts.withDualStack {
+		ec2Opts = append(ec2Opts, ec2.WithEndpointResolverV2(&endpointResolver{
+			dualStack: opts.withDualStack,
+		}))
 	}
-
 	if s.testEC2APIFunc != nil {
-		return s.testEC2APIFunc(sess, aws.NewConfig().WithRegion(region))
+		return s.testEC2APIFunc(*awsCfg)
 	}
-
+	return ec2.NewFromConfig(*awsCfg, ec2Opts...), nil
-	cfg := aws.NewConfig()
+}
-	if region != "" {
+
-		cfg = cfg.WithRegion(region)
+// getOpts iterates the inbound ec2Options and returns a struct
-	}
+func getOpts(opt ...ec2Option) (ec2Options, error) {
-
+	opts := getDefaultEc2Options()
-	cfg.HTTPClient = customClient
+	for _, o := range opt {
-
+		if o == nil {
-	return ec2.New(sess, cfg), nil
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := o(&opts); err != nil {
+			return ec2Options{}, err
+		}
+	}
+	return opts, nil
+}
+
+// ec2Option - how ec2Options are passed as arguments
+type ec2Option func(*ec2Options) error
+
+// options = how options are represented
+type ec2Options struct {
+	withDualStack bool
+}
+
+func getDefaultEc2Options() ec2Options {
+	return ec2Options{}
+}
+
+// WithDualStack sets the dual stack resolver
+func WithDualStack(with bool) ec2Option {
+	return func(o *ec2Options) error {
+		o.withDualStack = with
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type endpointResolver struct {
+	dualStack bool
+}
+
+func (e *endpointResolver) ResolveEndpoint(ctx context.Context, params ec2.EndpointParameters) (resolver smithyEndpoints.Endpoint, err error) {
+	params.UseDualStack = aws.Bool(e.dualStack)
+	resolver, err = ec2.NewDefaultEndpointResolverV2().ResolveEndpoint(ctx, params)
+	return
 }

plugin/service/host/state_test.go

@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestAwsCatalogPersistedStateEC2Client(t *testing.T) {
 	require := require.New(t)
 	cred, err := credential.NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(
-		credential.WithRegion("us-west-2"),
+		credential.WithCredentialsConfig(&awsutil.CredentialsConfig{
-		credential.WithAccessKeyId("foobar"),
+			Region:    "us-west-2",
-		credential.WithSecretAccessKey("barfoo"),
+			AccessKey: "foobar",
+			SecretKey: "barfoo",
+		}),
 	)
 	require.NoError(err)
 
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ func TestAwsCatalogPersistedStateEC2Client(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	require.NoError(err)
 
-	clientRaw, err := state.EC2Client("us-west-2")
+	clientRaw, err := state.EC2Client(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(err)
 	require.NotNil(clientRaw)
 	client, ok := clientRaw.(*testMockEC2)

plugin/service/host/testing.go

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package host
 
 import (
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
+	"context"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
+
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2/ec2iface"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ec2/types"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -29,10 +30,11 @@ func (s *testMockEC2State) Reset() {
 }
 
 type testMockEC2 struct {
-	ec2iface.EC2API
+	EC2API
+
+	State  *testMockEC2State
+	Region string
 
-	State                   *testMockEC2State
-	Region                  string
 	DescribeInstancesOutput *ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput
 	DescribeInstancesError  error
 }
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ func testMockEC2WithDescribeInstancesError(e error) testMockEC2Option {
 }
 
 func newTestMockEC2(state *testMockEC2State, opts ...testMockEC2Option) ec2APIFunc {
-	return func(sess *session.Session, cfgs ...*aws.Config) (ec2iface.EC2API, error) {
+	return func(cfgs ...aws.Config) (EC2API, error) {
 		m := &testMockEC2{
 			State: state,
 		}
@@ -67,14 +69,17 @@ func newTestMockEC2(state *testMockEC2State, opts ...testMockEC2Option) ec2APIFu
 
 		for _, cfg := range cfgs {
 			// Last region takes precedence
-			m.Region = *cfg.Region
+			if cfg.Region != "" {
+				m.Region = cfg.Region
+			}
+
 		}
 
 		return m, nil
 	}
 }
 
-func (m *testMockEC2) DescribeInstances(input *ec2.DescribeInstancesInput) (*ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput, error) {
+func (m *testMockEC2) DescribeInstances(ctx context.Context, input *ec2.DescribeInstancesInput, optFns ...func(*ec2.Options)) (*ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput, error) {
 	if m.State != nil {
 		m.State.DescribeInstancesCalled = true
 		m.State.DescribeInstancesInputParams = input
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ func (m *testMockEC2) DescribeInstances(input *ec2.DescribeInstancesInput) (*ec2
 	return m.DescribeInstancesOutput, nil
 }
 
-type ec2FilterSorter []*ec2.Filter
+type ec2FilterSorter []types.Filter
 
 func (s ec2FilterSorter) Len() int           { return len(s) }
 func (s ec2FilterSorter) Less(i, j int) bool { return *s[i].Name < *s[j].Name }

plugin/service/storage/README.md

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Example policy:
 ```
 
 * `iam:GetUser`, `iam:CreateAccessKey`, and `iam:DeleteAccessKey`, configured to
-  the IAM user to allow credential rotation. Example policy:
+  the IAM user to allow static credential rotation. Example policy:
 
 ```
 {
@@ -66,18 +66,24 @@ Example policy:
 The following `attributes` are valid on an AWS storage bucket resource:
 
 - `disable_credential_rotation` (bool): If `true`, credential rotation will not
-  be performed. See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) section
+  be performed.
-  above.
 - `region` (string): The region to configure the storage bucket for.
-- `endpoint-url` (string): The endpoint to configure the storage.
+- `endpoint_url` (string): The endpoint to configure the storage.
+- `role_arn` (string): The role arn configured for the assume role provider.
+- `role_external_id` (string):  The external id configured for the assume role provider.
+- `role_session_name` (string): The session name configured for the assume role provider.
+- `role_tags` (object): The key-value pair tags configured for the assume role provider.
 
 An example of how to utilize the [endpoint attribute](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/privatelink/vpc-endpoints-s3.html)
+See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) readme for more information.
 
 ### Secrets
 
-The following `secrets` are valid on an AWS storage bucket resource:
+The following `secrets` are optional on an AWS storage bucket resource:
 
 - `access_key_id` (string): The access key ID for the IAM user to use with this
   storage bucket.
 - `secret_access_key` (string): The secret access key for the IAM user to use
-  with this storage bucket.
+  with this storage bucket.
+
+See the [Credential Rotation](../../../README.md#credential-rotation) readme for more information.

plugin/service/storage/attributes.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ type StorageAttributes struct {
 
 	// EndpointUrl is used for configuring how the aws client will resolve requests.
 	EndpointUrl string
+
+	// DualStack is used for configuring how the aws client will resolve requests.
+	DualStack bool
 }
 
 func getStorageAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*StorageAttributes, error) {
@@ -37,6 +40,12 @@ func getStorageAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*StorageAttributes, error) {
 	}
 	delete(unknownFields, ConstAwsEndpointUrl)
 
+	dualStack, err := values.GetBoolValue(in, ConstAwsDualStack, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", ConstAwsDualStack)] = err.Error()
+	}
+	delete(unknownFields, ConstAwsDualStack)
+
 	for s := range unknownFields {
 		switch s {
 		// Ignore knownFields from CredentialAttributes
@@ -44,6 +53,14 @@ func getStorageAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*StorageAttributes, error) {
 			continue
 		case cred.ConstDisableCredentialRotation:
 			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleArn:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleExternalId:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleSessionName:
+			continue
+		case cred.ConstRoleTags:
+			continue
 		default:
 			badFields[fmt.Sprintf("attributes.%s", s)] = "unrecognized field"
 		}
@@ -56,5 +73,6 @@ func getStorageAttributes(in *structpb.Struct) (*StorageAttributes, error) {
 	return &StorageAttributes{
 		CredentialAttributes: credAttributes,
 		EndpointUrl:          endpointUrl,
+		DualStack:            dualStack,
 	}, nil
 }

plugin/service/storage/attributes_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	cred "github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
@@ -16,29 +18,51 @@ import (
 func TestGetStorageAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name                string
-		in                  map[string]any
+		in                  *structpb.Struct
 		expected            *StorageAttributes
 		expectedErrContains string
+		expectedDetails     *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState
 	}{
 		{
-			name:                "missing region",
+			name: "missing region",
-			in:                  map[string]any{},
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: make(map[string]*structpb.Value),
+			},
 			expectedErrContains: "missing required value \"region\"",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "unknown fields",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				"region": "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				"foo":    true,
+					"region": structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
-				"bar":    true,
+					"foo":    structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+					"bar":    structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
 			},
 			expectedErrContains: "attributes.bar: unrecognized field, attributes.foo: unrecognized field",
 		},
+		{
+			name: "good w/ dualstack",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"region":     structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+					"dual_stack": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+				},
+			},
+			expected: &StorageAttributes{
+				CredentialAttributes: &cred.CredentialAttributes{
+					Region: "us-west-2",
+				},
+				DualStack: true,
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "good w/ endpoint",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				cred.ConstRegion:    "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
-				ConstAwsEndpointUrl: "0.0.0.0",
+					"region":       structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+					"endpoint_url": structpb.NewStringValue("0.0.0.0"),
+				},
 			},
 			expected: &StorageAttributes{
 				CredentialAttributes: &cred.CredentialAttributes{
@@ -49,8 +73,10 @@ func TestGetStorageAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "good w/o endpoint",
-			in: map[string]any{
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
-				cred.ConstRegion: "us-west-2",
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"region": structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+				},
 			},
 			expected: &StorageAttributes{
 				CredentialAttributes: &cred.CredentialAttributes{
@@ -58,21 +84,51 @@ func TestGetStorageAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "credential attributes",
+			in: &structpb.Struct{
+				Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+					"region":                      structpb.NewStringValue("us-west-2"),
+					"disable_credential_rotation": structpb.NewBoolValue(true),
+					"role_arn":                    structpb.NewStringValue("arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access"),
+					"role_external_id":            structpb.NewStringValue("1234567890"),
+					"role_session_name":           structpb.NewStringValue("test-session"),
+					"role_tags": structpb.NewStructValue(&structpb.Struct{
+						Fields: map[string]*structpb.Value{
+							"foo": structpb.NewStringValue("bar"),
+						},
+					}),
+				},
+			},
+			expected: &StorageAttributes{
+				CredentialAttributes: &cred.CredentialAttributes{
+					Region:                    "us-west-2",
+					DisableCredentialRotation: true,
+					RoleArn:                   "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/S3Access",
+					RoleExternalId:            "1234567890",
+					RoleSessionName:           "test-session",
+					RoleTags: map[string]string{
+						"foo": "bar",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range cases {
 		tc := tc
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			require := require.New(t)
+			require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
 
-			input, err := structpb.NewStruct(tc.in)
+			actual, err := getStorageAttributes(tc.in)
-			require.NoError(err)
-
-			actual, err := getStorageAttributes(input)
 			if tc.expectedErrContains != "" {
 				require.Error(err)
 				require.Contains(err.Error(), tc.expectedErrContains)
-				require.Equal(status.Code(err), codes.InvalidArgument)
+				require.Equal(codes.InvalidArgument, status.Code(err))
+
+				st, ok := status.FromError(err)
+				require.True(ok)
+				assert.Len(st.Details(), 0)
 				return
 			}
 

plugin/service/storage/const.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ const (
 	// ConstAwsEndpointUrl is the key for the endpoint url in the aws s3 client.
 	ConstAwsEndpointUrl = "endpoint_url"
 
+	// ConstAwsDualStack is the key for the dualstack flag in the aws s3 client.
+	ConstAwsDualStack = "dual_stack"
+
 	// defaultStreamChunkSize is the recommened chunk size for sending data through a stream
 	defaultStreamChunkSize = 65536 // 64 KiB
 )

plugin/service/storage/error.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/errors"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+)
+
+const (
+	s3StatusErrMsg = "aws s3 error: %s"
+
+	// s3ErrorBadDigest is returned when there is a checksum
+	// mismatch between the request and the s3 service. This
+	// error code is returned for the PutObject request.
+	s3ErrorBadDigest = "BadDigest"
+)
+
+func setStatePermission(req any, permission *pb.Permission) *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState {
+	state := &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+		State: &pb.Permissions{},
+	}
+	switch req.(type) {
+	case pb.HeadObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	case *pb.HeadObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	case pb.GetObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	case *pb.GetObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	case pb.PutObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Write = permission
+	case *pb.PutObjectRequest:
+		state.State.Write = permission
+	case pb.DeleteObjectsRequest:
+		state.State.Delete = permission
+	case *pb.DeleteObjectsRequest:
+		state.State.Delete = permission
+	case pb.ListObjectsRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	case *pb.ListObjectsRequest:
+		state.State.Read = permission
+	}
+	return state
+}
+
+// parseS3Error will convert an S3 api error into a RPC status. If the
+// error does not match against an s3 error type, it will fallback to
+// evaluating against generic aws service errors. This includes throttling,
+// credentials, and connectivity error types.
+//
+// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/ErrorResponses.html
+func parseS3Error(op string, err error, req any) *status.Status {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	st, p := errors.ParseAWSError(op, err)
+	if p != nil {
+		state := setStatePermission(req, p)
+		if st, err = st.WithDetails(state); err != nil {
+			st = status.New(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return st
+}
+
+func checksumMistmatchStatus() error {
+	return status.New(codes.Aborted, "mismatched checksum").Err()
+}

plugin/service/storage/error_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/errors"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+)
+
+func Test_ParseS3Error(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name               string
+		req                any
+		err                error
+		expectedStatusCode codes.Code
+		expectedStatusMsg  string
+		expectedDetails    *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState
+	}{
+		{
+			name:               "nil-error",
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.OK,
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "no-such-bucket",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("NoSuchBucket", "GetObject", "no such bucket"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+						ErrorDetails: "no such bucket",
+						CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "no-such-key",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("NoSuchKey", "GetObject", "no such key"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "not-found",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                errors.TestAwsHttpResponseError(404, "not found"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			// cannot embed services within mock http errors, therefore unknown service
+			expectedStatusMsg: "aws service unknown: resource not found: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "invalid-object-state",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("InvalidObjectState", "GetObject", "invalid object state"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.NotFound,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "bad-digest",
+			req:                &pb.PutObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error(s3ErrorBadDigest, "PutObject", "checksum mismatch"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Aborted,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Write: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "fallback-throttle-error",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("Throttling", "action", "throttling exception"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.Unavailable,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: throttling: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "fallback-connectivity-error",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("RequestTimeout", "action", "request timeout"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.DeadlineExceeded,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:     pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+						CheckedAt: timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "fallback-credentials-error",
+			req:                &pb.GetObjectRequest{},
+			err:                TestAwsS3Error("AccessDenied", "action", "access denied"),
+			expectedStatusCode: codes.PermissionDenied,
+			expectedStatusMsg:  "aws service s3: invalid credentials: test:",
+			expectedDetails: &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+				State: &pb.Permissions{
+					Read: &pb.Permission{
+						State:        pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+						ErrorDetails: "access denied",
+						CheckedAt:    timestamppb.Now(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+
+			actualStatus := parseS3Error("test", tt.err, tt.req)
+			if tt.expectedStatusCode == codes.OK {
+				require.Nil(actualStatus)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.Equal(tt.expectedStatusCode, actualStatus.Code())
+			require.Contains(actualStatus.Message(), tt.expectedStatusMsg)
+			require.Len(actualStatus.Details(), 1)
+
+			foundDetail := false
+			for _, detail := range actualStatus.Details() {
+				switch errDetail := detail.(type) {
+				case *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState:
+					foundDetail = true
+					errors.CheckSimilarPermission(assert, tt.expectedDetails.State.Read, errDetail.State.Read, false)
+					errors.CheckSimilarPermission(assert, tt.expectedDetails.State.Write, errDetail.State.Write, false)
+					errors.CheckSimilarPermission(assert, tt.expectedDetails.State.Delete, errDetail.State.Delete, false)
+				}
+			}
+			require.True(foundDetail, "did not find error details with status")
+		})
+	}
+}

plugin/service/storage/state.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -7,14 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/url"
-	"net/http"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials"
 	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3"
+	smithyEndpoints "github.com/aws/smithy-go/endpoints"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/controller/api/resources/storagebuckets"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
@@ -25,17 +22,18 @@ type S3API interface {
 	GetObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.GetObjectInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.GetObjectOutput, error)
 	HeadObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.HeadObjectInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.HeadObjectOutput, error)
 	PutObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.PutObjectInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.PutObjectOutput, error)
+	DeleteObjects(ctx context.Context, params *s3.DeleteObjectsInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.DeleteObjectsOutput, error)
+	ListObjectsV2(ctx context.Context, params *s3.ListObjectsV2Input, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.ListObjectsV2Output, error)
+	Credentials() aws.Credentials
 }
 
-var customClient = &http.Client{
+type s3Client struct {
-	Transport: &http.Transport{
+	*s3.Client
-		Proxy: http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
+	creds aws.Credentials
-		DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
+}
-			Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
+
-			KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
+func (c *s3Client) Credentials() aws.Credentials {
-			DualStack: true,
+	return c.creds
-		}).DialContext,
-	},
 }
 
 type awsStoragePersistedState struct {
@@ -82,7 +80,6 @@ func newAwsStoragePersistedState(opts ...awsStoragePersistedStateOption) (*awsSt
 }
 
 func (s *awsStoragePersistedState) toProto() (*storagebuckets.StorageBucketPersisted, error) {
-
 	data, err := structpb.NewStruct(s.ToMap())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error converting state to structpb.Struct: %w", err)
@@ -90,62 +87,40 @@ func (s *awsStoragePersistedState) toProto() (*storagebuckets.StorageBucketPersi
 	return &storagebuckets.StorageBucketPersisted{Data: data}, nil
 }
 
-// S3Client returns a configured S3 client based on the session
+// s3Client returns a configured S3 client based on the session
 // information stored in the state.
-func (s *awsStoragePersistedState) S3Client(ctx context.Context, opt ...s3Option) (S3API, error) {
+func (s *awsStoragePersistedState) s3Client(ctx context.Context, opt ...s3Option) (S3API, error) {
 	opts, err := getOpts(opt...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing options when fetching S3 client: %w", err)
 	}
-
+	awsCfg, err := s.GenerateCredentialChain(ctx)
-	awsConfigOpts := []func(*config.LoadOptions) error{}
-	sess, err := s.GetSession()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting AWS session when fetching S3 client: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting AWS configuration when fetching S3 client: %w", err)
 	}
-	creds, err := sess.Config.Credentials.Get()
+	if awsCfg == nil {
-	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil aws configuration")
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting AWS session when fetching S3 client: %w", err)
 	}
-	customCredentials := config.WithCredentialsProvider(
+	var s3Opts []func(*s3.Options)
-		credentials.NewStaticCredentialsProvider(creds.AccessKeyID, creds.SecretAccessKey, creds.SessionToken),
+	if opts.withEndpoint != "" || opts.withDualStack {
-	)
+		s3Opts = append(s3Opts, s3.WithEndpointResolverV2(&endpointResolver{
-	awsConfigOpts = append(awsConfigOpts, customCredentials)
+			endpoint:  opts.withEndpoint,
-	if sess.Config.Region != nil {
+			dualStack: opts.withDualStack,
-		awsConfigOpts = append(awsConfigOpts, config.WithRegion(*sess.Config.Region))
+		}))
 	}
-	if opts.withRegion != "" {
-		awsConfigOpts = append(awsConfigOpts, config.WithRegion(opts.withRegion))
-	}
-	if opts.withEndpoint != "" {
-		customResolver := aws.EndpointResolverWithOptionsFunc(func(service, region string, options ...interface{}) (aws.Endpoint, error) {
-			if service == s3.ServiceID {
-				if opts.withRegion != "" {
-					region = opts.withRegion
-				}
-				return aws.Endpoint{
-					PartitionID:   "aws",
-					URL:           opts.withEndpoint,
-					SigningRegion: region,
-				}, nil
-			}
-			// returning EndpointNotFoundError will allow the service to fallback to it's default resolution
-			return aws.Endpoint{}, &aws.EndpointNotFoundError{}
-		})
-		awsConfigOpts = append(awsConfigOpts, config.WithEndpointResolverWithOptions(customResolver))
-	}
-	cfg, err := config.LoadDefaultConfig(ctx, awsConfigOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error loading aws configuration when fetching S3 client: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	if s.testS3APIFunc != nil {
-		return s.testS3APIFunc(cfg)
+		return s.testS3APIFunc(*awsCfg)
 	}
 
-	cfg.HTTPClient = customClient
+	// Retrieve the credentials provider from the client
+	credsProvider := awsCfg.Credentials
+	creds, err := credsProvider.Retrieve(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve credentials: %v\n", err)
+	}
 
-	return s3.NewFromConfig(cfg), nil
+	c := s3.NewFromConfig(*awsCfg, s3Opts...)
+	return &s3Client{Client: c, creds: creds}, nil
 }
 
 // getOpts iterates the inbound s3Options and returns a struct
@@ -167,18 +142,19 @@ type s3Option func(*s3Options) error
 
 // options = how options are represented
 type s3Options struct {
-	withRegion   string
+	withEndpoint     string
-	withEndpoint string
+	withDualStack    bool
+	withCacheRefresh bool
 }
 
 func getDefaultS3Options() s3Options {
 	return s3Options{}
 }
 
-// WithRegion contains the region to use
+// WithCacheRefresh controls if the cache should be forced to refresh
-func WithRegion(with string) s3Option {
+func WithCacheRefresh(refresh bool) s3Option {
 	return func(o *s3Options) error {
-		o.withRegion = with
+		o.withCacheRefresh = refresh
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@@ -190,3 +166,39 @@ func WithEndpoint(with string) s3Option {
 		return nil
 	}
 }
+
+// WithDualStack sets the dual stack resolver
+func WithDualStack(with bool) s3Option {
+	return func(o *s3Options) error {
+		o.withDualStack = with
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type endpointResolver struct {
+	endpoint  string
+	dualStack bool
+}
+
+func (e *endpointResolver) ResolveEndpoint(ctx context.Context, params s3.EndpointParameters) (resolver smithyEndpoints.Endpoint, err error) {
+	var uri *url.URL
+	params.UseDualStack = aws.Bool(e.dualStack)
+	resolver, err = s3.NewDefaultEndpointResolverV2().ResolveEndpoint(ctx, params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if e.endpoint == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	uri, err = url.Parse(e.endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if uri == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	resolver = smithyEndpoints.Endpoint{
+		URI: *uri,
+	}
+	return
+}

plugin/service/storage/state_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -7,37 +7,70 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/s3"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestAwsStoragePersistedStateS3Client(t *testing.T) {
-	require := require.New(t)
+	cases := []struct {
-	cred, err := credential.NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(
+		name             string
-		credential.WithRegion("us-west-2"),
+		creds            *awsutil.CredentialsConfig
-		credential.WithAccessKeyId("foobar"),
+		opts             []awsStoragePersistedStateOption
-		credential.WithSecretAccessKey("barfoo"),
+		awsOpts          []awsutil.Option
-	)
+		s3Opts           []s3Option
-	require.NoError(err)
+		expectedRegion   string
+		expectedEndpoint string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "static credentials",
+			creds: func() *awsutil.CredentialsConfig {
+				creds, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
+					awsutil.WithRegion("us-west-2"),
+					awsutil.WithAccessKey("foobar"),
+					awsutil.WithSecretKey("barfoo"),
+				)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				return creds
+			}(),
+			awsOpts: []awsutil.Option{
+				awsutil.WithIAMAPIFunc(
+					awsutil.NewMockIAM(),
+				),
+			},
+			opts: []awsStoragePersistedStateOption{
+				withTestS3APIFunc(newTestMockS3(nil)),
+			},
+			s3Opts: []s3Option{
+				WithEndpoint("0.0.0.0"),
+			},
+			expectedRegion:   "us-west-2",
+			expectedEndpoint: "0.0.0.0",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require := require.New(t)
 
-	state, err := newAwsStoragePersistedState(
+			cred, err := credential.NewAwsCredentialPersistedState(
-		withCredentials(cred),
+				credential.WithCredentialsConfig(tc.creds),
-		withTestS3APIFunc(newTestMockS3(nil)),
+				credential.WithStateTestOpts(tc.awsOpts),
-	)
+			)
-	require.NoError(err)
+			require.NoError(err)
 
-	clientRaw, err := state.S3Client(context.Background(), WithRegion("us-west-2"), WithEndpoint("0.0.0.0"))
+			state, err := newAwsStoragePersistedState(
-	require.NoError(err)
+				append(tc.opts, withCredentials(cred))...,
-	require.NotNil(clientRaw)
+			)
-	client, ok := clientRaw.(*testMockS3)
+			require.NoError(err)
-	require.True(ok)
-	require.NotNil(client)
-	require.Equal("us-west-2", client.Region)
 
-	endpoint, err := client.Endpoint.ResolveEndpoint(s3.ServiceID, client.Region)
+			clientRaw, err := state.s3Client(context.Background(), tc.s3Opts...)
-	require.NoError(err)
+			require.NoError(err)
-	require.Equal("0.0.0.0", endpoint.URL)
+			require.NotNil(clientRaw)
-	require.Equal("us-west-2", endpoint.SigningRegion)
+			client, ok := clientRaw.(*testMockS3)
-	require.Equal("aws", endpoint.PartitionID)
+			require.True(ok)
+			require.NotNil(client)
+			require.Equal(tc.expectedRegion, client.Region)
+		})
+	}
 }

plugin/service/storage/testing.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package storage
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
 	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/s3"
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/sts"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts"
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/controller/api/resources/storagebuckets"
 	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
@@ -28,22 +29,8 @@ const (
 	testGetUserErr           = "test error for GetUser"
 	testGetCallerIdentityErr = "test error for GetCallerIdentity"
 	testDeleteAccessKeyErr   = "test error for DeleteAccessKey"
-	testGetObjectErr         = "test error for GetObject"
-	testPutObjectErr         = "test error for PutObject"
-	testHeadObjectErr        = "test error for HeadObject"
 )
 
-// throttleErr is a mocked error used for testing the aws s3 client
-type throttleErr struct{}
-
-func (e *throttleErr) ErrorCode() string {
-	return "ThrottlingException"
-}
-
-func (e *throttleErr) Error() string {
-	return "ThrottlingException"
-}
-
 type testMockS3State struct {
 	GetObjectCalled      bool
 	GetObjectInputParams *s3.GetObjectInput
@@ -54,6 +41,14 @@ type testMockS3State struct {
 
 	HeadObjectCalled      bool
 	HeadObjectInputParams *s3.HeadObjectInput
+
+	ListObjectsV2Called      bool
+	ListObjectsV2InputParams *s3.ListObjectsV2Input
+
+	DeleteObjectCalled       bool
+	DeleteObjectInputParams  *s3.DeleteObjectInput
+	DeleteObjectsCalled      bool
+	DeleteObjectsInputParams *s3.DeleteObjectsInput
 }
 
 func (s *testMockS3State) Reset() {
@@ -64,14 +59,19 @@ func (s *testMockS3State) Reset() {
 	s.PutObjectBody = nil
 	s.HeadObjectCalled = false
 	s.HeadObjectInputParams = nil
+	s.ListObjectsV2Called = false
+	s.ListObjectsV2InputParams = nil
+	s.DeleteObjectCalled = false
+	s.DeleteObjectInputParams = nil
+	s.DeleteObjectsCalled = false
+	s.DeleteObjectsInputParams = nil
 }
 
 type testMockS3 struct {
 	S3API
 
-	State    *testMockS3State
+	State  *testMockS3State
-	Region   string
+	Region string
-	Endpoint aws.EndpointResolverWithOptions
 
 	// mocked responses for getObject
 	GetObjectOutput *s3.GetObjectOutput
@@ -84,6 +84,18 @@ type testMockS3 struct {
 	// mocked responses for headObject
 	HeadObjectOutput *s3.HeadObjectOutput
 	HeadObjectErr    error
+
+	// mocked responses for ListObjectsV2 (needed for delete)
+	ListObjectsV2Output *s3.ListObjectsV2Output
+	ListObjectsV2Err    error
+	// sometimes we need to create a wildcard output
+	ListObjectsV2OutputFunc func(*s3.ListObjectsV2Input) *s3.ListObjectsV2Output
+
+	// mocked responses for DeleteObject(s)
+	DeleteObjectOutput  *s3.DeleteObjectOutput
+	DeleteObjectErr     error
+	DeleteObjectsOutput *s3.DeleteObjectsOutput
+	DeleteObjectsErr    error
 }
 
 type testMockS3Option func(m *testMockS3) error
@@ -130,6 +142,55 @@ func testMockS3WithHeadObjectError(e error) testMockS3Option {
 	}
 }
 
+func testMockS3WithListObjectsV2Output(o *s3.ListObjectsV2Output) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.ListObjectsV2Output = o
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithListObjectsV2Error(e error) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.ListObjectsV2Err = e
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithListObjectsV2OutputFunc(o func(*s3.ListObjectsV2Input) *s3.ListObjectsV2Output) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.ListObjectsV2OutputFunc = o
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithDeleteObjectOutput(o *s3.DeleteObjectOutput) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.DeleteObjectOutput = o
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithDeleteObjectError(e error) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.DeleteObjectErr = e
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithDeleteObjectsOutput(o *s3.DeleteObjectsOutput) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.DeleteObjectsOutput = o
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func testMockS3WithDeleteObjectsError(e error) testMockS3Option {
+	return func(m *testMockS3) error {
+		m.DeleteObjectsErr = e
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 func newTestMockS3(state *testMockS3State, opts ...testMockS3Option) s3APIFunc {
 	return func(cfgs ...aws.Config) (S3API, error) {
 		m := &testMockS3{
@@ -147,9 +208,6 @@ func newTestMockS3(state *testMockS3State, opts ...testMockS3Option) s3APIFunc {
 			if cfg.Region != "" {
 				m.Region = cfg.Region
 			}
-			if cfg.EndpointResolverWithOptions != nil {
-				m.Endpoint = cfg.EndpointResolverWithOptions
-			}
 		}
 
 		return m, nil
@@ -197,8 +255,47 @@ func (m *testMockS3) PutObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.PutObjectInput, o
 	return m.PutObjectOutput, nil
 }
 
+func (m *testMockS3) ListObjectsV2(ctx context.Context, params *s3.ListObjectsV2Input, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.ListObjectsV2Output, error) {
+	if m.State != nil {
+		m.State.ListObjectsV2Called = true
+		m.State.ListObjectsV2InputParams = params
+	}
+
+	if m.ListObjectsV2Err != nil {
+		return nil, m.ListObjectsV2Err
+	}
+
+	if m.ListObjectsV2OutputFunc != nil {
+		return m.ListObjectsV2OutputFunc(params), nil
+	}
+
+	return m.ListObjectsV2Output, nil
+}
+
 func (m *testMockS3) DeleteObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.DeleteObjectInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.DeleteObjectOutput, error) {
-	return &s3.DeleteObjectOutput{}, nil
+	if m.State != nil {
+		m.State.DeleteObjectCalled = true
+		m.State.DeleteObjectInputParams = params
+	}
+
+	if m.DeleteObjectErr != nil {
+		return nil, m.DeleteObjectErr
+	}
+
+	return m.DeleteObjectOutput, nil
+}
+
+func (m *testMockS3) DeleteObjects(ctx context.Context, params *s3.DeleteObjectsInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.DeleteObjectsOutput, error) {
+	if m.State != nil {
+		m.State.DeleteObjectsCalled = true
+		m.State.DeleteObjectsInputParams = params
+	}
+
+	if m.DeleteObjectsErr != nil {
+		return nil, m.DeleteObjectsErr
+	}
+
+	return m.DeleteObjectsOutput, nil
 }
 
 func (m *testMockS3) HeadObject(ctx context.Context, params *s3.HeadObjectInput, optFns ...func(*s3.Options)) (*s3.HeadObjectOutput, error) {
@@ -301,3 +398,16 @@ func validSTSMock() []credential.AwsCredentialPersistedStateOption {
 		}),
 	}
 }
+
+// TestAwsS3Error returns an s3 api error
+func TestAwsS3Error(code, op, msg string) error {
+	return &smithy.OperationError{
+		ServiceID:     "s3",
+		OperationName: op,
+		Err: &smithy.GenericAPIError{
+			Code:    code,
+			Message: msg,
+			Fault:   smithy.FaultServer,
+		},
+	}
+}

testing/e2e_host_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package testing
@@ -11,26 +11,18 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/awserr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/values"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/plugin/service/host"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/controller/api/resources/hostcatalogs"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/controller/api/resources/hostsets"
 	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
-const (
+const expectedEc2InstanceCount = 5
-	expectedIamUserCount     = 6
-	expectedEc2InstanceCount = 5
-)
 
-var expectedTags = []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"}
+func TestHostPlugin(t *testing.T) {
-
-func TestPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 	region := os.Getenv("AWS_REGION")
 	if region == "" {
 		t.Skip("set AWS_REGION to use this test")
@@ -86,6 +78,14 @@ func TestPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(err)
 	require.Len(ec2InstanceTags, expectedEc2InstanceCount)
 
+	rawExpectedTags, err := tf.GetOutputSlice("instance_tag_keys")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.Len(rawExpectedTags, 3)
+	expectedTags := make([]string, 0, len(rawExpectedTags))
+	for _, rawExpectedTag := range rawExpectedTags {
+		expectedTags = append(expectedTags, rawExpectedTag.(string))
+	}
+
 	// Start the workflow now. Set up the host catalog. Note that this
 	// will cause the state to go out of drift above in the sense that
 	// the access key ID/secret access key will no longer be valid. We
@@ -149,13 +149,13 @@ func TestPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	cases := [][]string{
-		{"foo"},
+		{expectedTags[0]},
-		{"bar"},
+		{expectedTags[1]},
-		{"baz"},
+		{expectedTags[2]},
-		{"foo", "bar"},
+		{expectedTags[0], expectedTags[1]},
-		{"foo", "baz"},
+		{expectedTags[0], expectedTags[2]},
-		{"bar", "baz"},
+		{expectedTags[1], expectedTags[2]},
-		{"foo", "bar", "baz"},
+		{expectedTags[0], expectedTags[1], expectedTags[2]},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range cases {
@@ -195,36 +195,7 @@ func testPluginOnCreateCatalog(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *host.HostPl
 	require.NotNil(response)
 	persisted := response.GetPersisted()
 	require.NotNil(persisted)
-	persistedSecrets := persisted.GetSecrets()
+	return validatePersistedSecrets(t, persisted.GetSecrets(), accessKeyId, secretAccessKey, rotate)
-	require.NotNil(persistedSecrets)
-	persistedAccessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstAccessKeyId, true)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	require.NotZero(persistedAccessKeyId)
-	if rotate {
-		require.NotEqual(accessKeyId, persistedAccessKeyId)
-	} else {
-		require.Equal(accessKeyId, persistedAccessKeyId)
-	}
-
-	persistedSecretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	require.NotZero(persistedSecretAccessKey)
-	if rotate {
-		require.NotEqual(secretAccessKey, persistedSecretAccessKey)
-	} else {
-		require.Equal(secretAccessKey, persistedSecretAccessKey)
-	}
-
-	persistedCredsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	if rotate {
-		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey)
-	} else {
-		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-	}
-
-	return persistedAccessKeyId, persistedSecretAccessKey
 }
 
 func testPluginOnUpdateCatalog(
@@ -293,116 +264,7 @@ func testPluginOnUpdateCatalog(
 	require.NotNil(response)
 	persisted := response.GetPersisted()
 	require.NotNil(persisted)
-	persistedSecrets := persisted.GetSecrets()
+	return validateUpdateSecrets(t, persisted.GetSecrets(), currentCredsLastRotatedTime, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey, newAccessKeyId, newSecretAccessKey, rotated, rotate)
-	require.NotNil(persistedSecrets)
-
-	// Complex checks based on the scenarios.
-	persistedAccessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstAccessKeyId, true)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	require.NotZero(persistedAccessKeyId)
-	persistedSecretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	require.NotZero(persistedSecretAccessKey)
-	persistedCredsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
-	require.NoError(err)
-
-	// Our test scenarios are complex due the multi-dimensional nature
-	// of criteria, so we lay them out in a switch below.
-	switch {
-	case newAccessKeyId != "" && rotated && rotate:
-		// The new access key ID was provided, we had previously rotated
-		// the credentials before, and the new credential set is to be
-		// rotated as well. In this case, the old credentials should have
-		// been deleted, and the new credentials should have been rotated,
-		// hence, should not match the new credentials initially
-		// provided. Rotation time should be non-zero and updated.
-		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-		require.True(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime.After(currentCredsLastRotatedTime))
-
-	case newAccessKeyId != "" && rotated && !rotate:
-		// The new access key ID was provided, we had previously rotated
-		// the credentials before, and the new credential is *not*
-		// rotated. In this case, the old credentials should have
-		// been deleted, But the new credentials should have not been
-		// rotated, and hence should be the same. Rotation time should be
-		// zero.
-		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
-		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-
-	case newAccessKeyId != "" && !rotated && rotate:
-		// The new access key ID was provided, we *have not* previously
-		// rotated the credentials, and the new credential set is to be
-		// rotated. In this case, the old credentials should have been
-		// left alone, and the new credentials should have been rotated,
-		// hence, should not match the new credentials initially
-		// provided. Rotation time should be non-zero, but updated.
-		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-		require.True(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime.After(currentCredsLastRotatedTime))
-
-	case newAccessKeyId != "" && !rotated && !rotate:
-		// The new access key ID was provided, but we have not rotated
-		// the credentials previously and we still don't plan on rotating
-		// them. In this case, the old credentials should still be valid,
-		// and the persisted ones should match the new ones provided.
-		// Rotation time should be zero.
-		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
-		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-
-	case newAccessKeyId == "" && rotated && rotate:
-		// No new credentials have been provided, but we have previously
-		// rotated and are still rotating credentials. This is a no-op.
-		// Existing credentials should still be valid and match the ones
-		// persisted to state. Rotation time should be identical since
-		// no new rotation occurred.
-		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
-		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-		require.True(currentCredsLastRotatedTime.Equal(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime))
-
-	case newAccessKeyId == "" && rotated && !rotate:
-		// No new credentials have been provided, and we have previously
-		// rotated the credentials. This is actually an error, but we
-		// don't test it here; it's covered in unit testing (see
-		// plugin_test.go).
-		require.FailNow("testing rotated-to-not-rotated scenario not implemented by this helper")
-
-	case newAccessKeyId == "" && !rotated && rotate:
-		// No new credentials have been provided, and while we did not
-		// rotate before, we want to switch to rotation. In this case,
-		// the existing persisted credentials should have been rotated,
-		// with a new non-zero timestamp.
-		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
-		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-
-	case newAccessKeyId == "" && !rotated && !rotate:
-		// No new credentials have been provided and we have not, nor do
-		// not, plan on rotating the credentials. This is a no-op.
-		// Existing credentials should still be valid and match the ones
-		// persisted to state. Rotation time should remain at zero.
-		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
-		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
-		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
-
-	default:
-		// Scenario was reached that was not covered by this function.
-		require.FailNow("unknown test scenario")
-	}
-
-	return persistedAccessKeyId, persistedSecretAccessKey
 }
 
 func testPluginOnDeleteCatalog(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *host.HostPlugin, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string, rotated bool) {
@@ -588,53 +450,3 @@ func testPluginListHosts(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *host.HostPlugin,
 	// Success
 	t.Logf("testing ListHosts: success (region=%s, tags=%v, expected/actual=(len=%d, ids=%s))", region, tags, len(actualInstances), actualInstances)
 }
-
-func requireCredentialsInvalid(t *testing.T, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	require := require.New(t)
-
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKeyId),
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretAccessKey),
-	)
-	require.NoError(err)
-
-	// We need to wait for invalidation as while awsutil waits for
-	// credential creation, deletion of the old credentials returns
-	// immediately.
-	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*30)
-	defer cancel()
-waitErr:
-	for {
-		_, err = c.GetCallerIdentity()
-		if err != nil {
-			break
-		}
-
-		select {
-		case <-time.After(time.Second):
-			// pass
-
-		case <-timeoutCtx.Done():
-			break waitErr
-		}
-	}
-
-	require.NotNil(err)
-	awsErr, ok := err.(awserr.Error)
-	require.True(ok)
-	require.Equal("InvalidClientTokenId", awsErr.Code())
-}
-
-func requireCredentialsValid(t *testing.T, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	require := require.New(t)
-
-	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
-		awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKeyId),
-		awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretAccessKey),
-	)
-	require.NoError(err)
-	_, err = c.GetCallerIdentity()
-	require.NoError(err)
-}

testing/e2e_storage_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package testing
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/plugin/service/storage"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/controller/api/resources/storagebuckets"
+	pb "github.com/hashicorp/boundary/sdk/pbs/plugin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
+)
+
+// NOTE: this test does not vaildate against dynamic credentials because
+// this credential type can only be tested on an EC2 instance.
+func TestStoragePlugin(t *testing.T) {
+	region := os.Getenv("AWS_REGION")
+	if region == "" {
+		t.Skip("set AWS_REGION to use this test")
+	}
+	if envAccessKeyId := os.Getenv("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"); envAccessKeyId == "" {
+		t.Skip("set AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID to use this test")
+	}
+	if envSecretAccessKey := os.Getenv("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"); envSecretAccessKey == "" {
+		t.Skip("set AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY to use this test")
+	}
+
+	require := require.New(t)
+	tf, err := NewTestTerraformer("testdata/storage")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(tf)
+
+	t.Log("===== deploying test Terraform workspace =====")
+	err = tf.Deploy()
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		t.Log("===== destroying test Terraform workspace =====")
+		if err := tf.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("WARNING: could not run Terraform destroy: %s", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	bucketName, err := tf.GetOutputString("bucket_name")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotEmpty(bucketName)
+
+	iamAccessKeyIds, err := tf.GetOutputSlice("iam_access_key_ids")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.Len(iamAccessKeyIds, expectedIamUserCount)
+
+	iamSecretAccessKeys, err := tf.GetOutputSlice("iam_secret_access_keys")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.Len(iamSecretAccessKeys, expectedIamUserCount)
+
+	iamAccessKeyMissingGetObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_access_key_missing_get_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	iamSecretAccessKeyMissingGetObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_secret_access_key_missing_get_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	iamAccessKeyMissingPutObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_access_key_missing_put_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	iamSecretAccessKeyMissingPutObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_secret_access_key_missing_put_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	iamAccessKeyMissingDeleteObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_access_key_missing_delete_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	iamSecretAccessKeyMissingDeleteObject, err := tf.GetOutputString("iam_secret_access_key_missing_delete_obj")
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	s3PaginationTestObjectCount, err := tf.GetOutput("s3_pagination_test_object_count")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	objectCountFloat, ok := s3PaginationTestObjectCount.(float64)
+	require.True(ok)
+	objectCount := int(objectCountFloat)
+
+	// Start the workflow now. Set up the storage bucket. Note that this
+	// will cause the state to go out of drift above in the sense that
+	// the access key ID/secret access key will no longer be valid. We
+	// will assert this through the returned state.
+	p := new(storage.StoragePlugin)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// ********************
+	// * OnCreateStorageBucket
+	// ********************
+	//
+	// Test non-rotation (using primary user).
+	keyid, secret := testPluginOnCreateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, iamAccessKeyIds[0].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[0].(string), false)
+	// Test rotation next.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnCreateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, true)
+
+	// ********************
+	// * OnUpdateStorageBucket
+	// ********************
+	//
+	// Test no-op non-rotation.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, "", "", false, false)
+	// Switch to rotation.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, "", "", false, true)
+	// Test no-op with rotation.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, "", "", true, true)
+	// Switch credentials to next user. Don't rotate.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, iamAccessKeyIds[1].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[1].(string), true, false)
+	// Switch credentials to next user. Add rotation.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, iamAccessKeyIds[2].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[2].(string), false, true)
+	// Switch to next user, with rotation disabled.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, iamAccessKeyIds[3].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[3].(string), true, false)
+	// Last case - switch to another user and keep rotation off.
+	keyid, secret = testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, iamAccessKeyIds[4].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[4].(string), false, false)
+
+	// ********************
+	// * OnDeleteStorageBucket
+	// ********************
+	//
+	// Test non-rotated.
+	testPluginOnDeleteStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, false)
+	// Test as if we had rotated these credentials (note that this
+	// makes this test set unusable).
+	testPluginOnDeleteStorageBucket(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret, true)
+
+	// ********************
+	// * Object Methods: PutObject, GetObject, HeadObject, DeleteObjects
+	// ********************
+	//
+	// Reassign the keyid and secret first.
+	keyid, secret = iamAccessKeyIds[5].(string), iamSecretAccessKeys[5].(string)
+	testPluginObjectMethods(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, keyid, secret)
+
+	// ********************
+	// * ListObjects
+	// ********************
+	testListObjects(ctx, t, p, objectCount, bucketName, region, keyid, secret)
+
+	// ********************
+	// * Validate Permissions
+	// ********************
+	//
+	var expectedSBCState *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState
+
+	// Validate error is returned for missing get object permission
+	expectedSBCState = &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+		State: &pb.Permissions{
+			Write: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			},
+			Read: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+			},
+			Delete: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	testPluginValidatePermissions(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, iamAccessKeyMissingGetObject, iamSecretAccessKeyMissingGetObject, expectedSBCState)
+
+	// Validate error is returned for missing put object permission
+	expectedSBCState = &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+		State: &pb.Permissions{
+			Write: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+			},
+			Read: &pb.Permission{
+				// Since we cannot write an object to S3,
+				// we cannot test against the ability to read from S3.
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			},
+			Delete: &pb.Permission{
+				// We can still try deleting an object that does
+				// not exist in the S3 bucket to validate access.
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	testPluginValidatePermissions(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, iamAccessKeyMissingPutObject, iamSecretAccessKeyMissingPutObject, expectedSBCState)
+
+	// Validate error is returned for missing delete object permission
+	expectedSBCState = &pb.StorageBucketCredentialState{
+		State: &pb.Permissions{
+			Write: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			},
+			Read: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_OK,
+			},
+			Delete: &pb.Permission{
+				State: pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	testPluginValidatePermissions(ctx, t, p, bucketName, region, iamAccessKeyMissingDeleteObject, iamSecretAccessKeyMissingDeleteObject, expectedSBCState)
+}
+
+func testPluginOnCreateStorageBucket(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, bucketName, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string, rotate bool) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing OnCreateStorageBucket (region=%s, rotate=%t)", region, rotate)
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	reqAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: !rotate,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	request := &pb.OnCreateStorageBucketRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+		},
+	}
+	response, err := p.OnCreateStorageBucket(ctx, request)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(response)
+	persisted := response.GetPersisted()
+	require.NotNil(persisted)
+	return validatePersistedSecrets(t, persisted.GetData(), accessKeyId, secretAccessKey, rotate)
+}
+
+func testPluginOnUpdateStorageBucket(
+	ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, bucketName,
+	region, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey, newAccessKeyId, newSecretAccessKey string,
+	rotated, rotate bool,
+) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing OnUpdateStorageBucket (region=%s, newcreds=%t, rotated=%t, rotate=%t)", region, newAccessKeyId != "" && newSecretAccessKey != "", rotated, rotate)
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	// Take a timestamp of the current time to get a point in time to
+	// reference, ensuring that we are updating credential rotation
+	// timestamps.
+	currentCredsLastRotatedTime := time.Now()
+
+	reqCurrentAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: !rotated,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqNewAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: !rotate,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	var reqSecrets *structpb.Struct
+	if newAccessKeyId != "" && newSecretAccessKey != "" {
+		reqSecrets, err = structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+			credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     newAccessKeyId,
+			credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: newSecretAccessKey,
+		})
+		require.NoError(err)
+	}
+	reqPersistedSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     currentAccessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: currentSecretAccessKey,
+		credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime: func() string {
+			if rotated {
+				return currentCredsLastRotatedTime.Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
+			}
+
+			return (time.Time{}).Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
+		}(),
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(reqPersistedSecrets)
+	request := &pb.OnUpdateStorageBucketRequest{
+		CurrentBucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqCurrentAttrs,
+		},
+		NewBucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqNewAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+		Persisted: &storagebuckets.StorageBucketPersisted{
+			Data: reqPersistedSecrets,
+		},
+	}
+	response, err := p.OnUpdateStorageBucket(ctx, request)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(response)
+	persisted := response.GetPersisted()
+	require.NotNil(persisted)
+	return validateUpdateSecrets(t, persisted.GetData(), currentCredsLastRotatedTime, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey, newAccessKeyId, newSecretAccessKey, rotated, rotate)
+}
+
+func testPluginOnDeleteStorageBucket(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, bucketName, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string, rotated bool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing OnDeleteStorageBucket (region=%s, rotated=%t)", region, rotated)
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	reqAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: !rotated,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqPersistedSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+		credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime: func() string {
+			if rotated {
+				return time.Now().Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
+			}
+
+			return (time.Time{}).Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
+		}(),
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	request := &pb.OnDeleteStorageBucketRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+		Persisted: &storagebuckets.StorageBucketPersisted{
+			Data: reqPersistedSecrets,
+		},
+	}
+	response, err := p.OnDeleteStorageBucket(ctx, request)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(response)
+
+	// We want to test the validity of the credentials post-deletion.
+	if rotated {
+		// The credentials should no longer be valid.
+		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey)
+	} else {
+		// The credentials should still be valid. Sleep 10s first just to
+		// be sure, since we're not rotating.
+		time.Sleep(time.Second * 10)
+		requireCredentialsValid(t, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey)
+	}
+}
+
+func testPluginValidatePermissions(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, bucketName, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string, expectedState *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing ValidatePermissions")
+	require, assert := require.New(t), assert.New(t)
+
+	require.NotNil(expectedState)
+
+	reqAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	req := &pb.ValidatePermissionsRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err = p.ValidatePermissions(ctx, req)
+	require.Error(err)
+
+	var actualSBCState *pb.StorageBucketCredentialState
+	if st, ok := status.FromError(err); ok {
+		for _, detail := range st.Details() {
+			if statusDetail, ok := detail.(*pb.StorageBucketCredentialState); ok {
+				actualSBCState = statusDetail
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	require.NotNil(actualSBCState)
+	require.NotNil(actualSBCState.GetState())
+
+	expectedReadState := expectedState.GetState().GetRead()
+	if expectedReadState != nil {
+		actualReadState := actualSBCState.GetState().GetRead()
+		require.NotNil(actualReadState)
+		assert.Equal(expectedReadState.GetState(), actualReadState.GetState())
+		assert.NotEmpty(actualReadState.GetCheckedAt())
+		if expectedReadState.GetState() == pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR {
+			assert.NotEmpty(actualReadState.GetErrorDetails())
+		}
+	}
+
+	expectedWriteState := expectedState.GetState().GetWrite()
+	if expectedWriteState != nil {
+		actualWriteState := actualSBCState.GetState().GetWrite()
+		require.NotNil(actualWriteState)
+		assert.Equal(expectedWriteState.GetState(), actualWriteState.GetState())
+		assert.NotEmpty(actualWriteState.GetCheckedAt())
+		if expectedWriteState.GetState() == pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR {
+			assert.NotEmpty(actualWriteState.GetErrorDetails())
+		}
+	}
+
+	expectedDeleteState := expectedState.GetState().GetDelete()
+	if expectedDeleteState != nil {
+		actualDeleteState := actualSBCState.GetState().GetDelete()
+		require.NotNil(actualDeleteState)
+		assert.Equal(expectedDeleteState.GetState(), actualDeleteState.GetState())
+		assert.NotEmpty(actualDeleteState.GetCheckedAt())
+		if expectedDeleteState.GetState() == pb.StateType_STATE_TYPE_ERROR {
+			assert.NotEmpty(actualDeleteState.GetErrorDetails())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testPluginObjectMethods(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, bucketName, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing PutObject")
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	testDataPath, err := filepath.Abs("./testdata/storage/test_object_data")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.FileExists(testDataPath)
+
+	reqAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+	reqSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	objectKey := uuid.New().String()
+	putObjReq := &pb.PutObjectRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+		Key:  objectKey,
+		Path: testDataPath,
+	}
+	putObjResp, err := p.PutObject(ctx, putObjReq)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(putObjResp)
+	require.NotEmpty(putObjResp.GetChecksumSha_256())
+
+	t.Logf("testing HeadObject")
+	headObjReq := &pb.HeadObjectRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+		Key: objectKey,
+	}
+	headObjResp, err := p.HeadObject(ctx, headObjReq)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotNil(headObjResp)
+	require.NotEmpty(headObjResp.GetContentLength())
+	require.NotEmpty(headObjResp.GetLastModified())
+
+	// Need to create a GRPC server to test GetObject
+	t.Logf("testing GetObject")
+	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "[::1]:2030")
+	require.NoError(err)
+	grpcServer := grpc.NewServer()
+	pb.RegisterStoragePluginServiceServer(grpcServer, &storage.StoragePlugin{})
+	go func() {
+		grpcServer.Serve(lis)
+	}()
+
+	conn, err := grpc.Dial("[::1]:2030", grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()))
+	require.NoError(err)
+	defer conn.Close()
+	client := pb.NewStoragePluginServiceClient(conn)
+
+	stream, err := client.GetObject(ctx, &pb.GetObjectRequest{
+		Bucket: &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Attributes: reqAttrs,
+			Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+		},
+		Key: objectKey,
+	})
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	var actualData []byte
+	expectedData, err := os.ReadFile(testDataPath)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	for {
+		resp, err := stream.Recv()
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			require.NoError(stream.CloseSend())
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			require.NoError(err)
+		}
+		actualData = append(actualData, resp.GetFileChunk()...)
+	}
+	require.Equal(expectedData, actualData)
+	require.NoError(conn.Close())
+	grpcServer.Stop()
+}
+
+// testListObjects verifies top-level and recursive listing by matching the exact keys and types of returned objects.
+func testListObjects(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, p *storage.StoragePlugin, objectCount int, bucketName, region, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Logf("testing ListObjects (bucket=%s, region=%s, expectedObjects=%d, creds=%t)",
+		bucketName,
+		region,
+		objectCount,
+		accessKeyId != "" && secretAccessKey != "",
+	)
+	r := require.New(t)
+
+	reqAttrs, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstRegion:                    region,
+		credential.ConstDisableCredentialRotation: true,
+	})
+	r.NoError(err)
+	reqSecrets, err := structpb.NewStruct(map[string]any{
+		credential.ConstAccessKeyId:     accessKeyId,
+		credential.ConstSecretAccessKey: secretAccessKey,
+	})
+	r.NoError(err)
+
+	bucket := &storagebuckets.StorageBucket{
+		BucketName: bucketName,
+		Attributes: reqAttrs,
+		Secrets:    reqSecrets,
+	}
+
+	// Test Scenario 1: Non-Paginated Listing
+	t.Run("NonPaginatedListing", func(t *testing.T) {
+
+		// Subtest for the non-recursive (top-level) option
+		t.Run("TopLevel", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects for a small set with recursive=false")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "list-objects/",
+				Recursive: false,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+
+			expectedObjects := []*pb.Object{
+				{Key: "list-objects/file1.txt", IsDir: false},
+				{Key: "list-objects/data.json", IsDir: false},
+				{Key: "list-objects/nested-dir/", IsDir: true},
+				{Key: "list-objects/empty-nested-dir/", IsDir: true},
+			}
+			r.ElementsMatch(resp.Objects, expectedObjects)
+		})
+
+		// Subtest for the recursive option
+		t.Run("Recursive", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects for a small set with recursive=true")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "list-objects/",
+				Recursive: true,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+
+			expectedObjects := []*pb.Object{
+				{Key: "list-objects/file1.txt", IsDir: false},
+				{Key: "list-objects/data.json", IsDir: false},
+				{Key: "list-objects/nested-dir/file2.txt", IsDir: false},
+				{Key: "list-objects/nested-dir/", IsDir: true},
+				{Key: "list-objects/empty-nested-dir/", IsDir: true},
+			}
+
+			r.ElementsMatch(resp.Objects, expectedObjects)
+		})
+	})
+
+	// Test Scenario 2: Paginated Top-Level Listing
+	t.Run("TopLevelListing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Subtest for the root prefix
+		t.Run("AtRoot", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects with recursive=false at root prefix")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "list-objects-paginated/",
+				Recursive: false,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+
+			var expectedObjects []*pb.Object
+			for i := 0; i < objectCount; i++ {
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/root-file-%d.txt", i)
+				expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: key, IsDir: false})
+			}
+			for i := 0; i < objectCount; i++ {
+				keyEmpty := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/empty-dir-%d/", i)
+				expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyEmpty, IsDir: true})
+				keyNested := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-%d/", i)
+				expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyNested, IsDir: true})
+			}
+
+			r.ElementsMatch(resp.Objects, expectedObjects)
+		})
+
+		// Subtest for a nested prefix
+		t.Run("AtNestedPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects with recursive=false at a nested prefix")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-7/",
+				Recursive: false,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+
+			expectedObjects := []*pb.Object{
+				{Key: "list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-7/data-file-7.json", IsDir: false},
+			}
+
+			r.ElementsMatch(resp.Objects, expectedObjects)
+		})
+	})
+
+	// Test Scenario 3: Paginated Recursive Listing
+	t.Run("RecursiveListing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		r := require.New(t)
+		t.Logf("testing ListObjects with recursive=true")
+		req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+			Bucket:    bucket,
+			KeyPrefix: "list-objects-paginated/",
+			Recursive: true,
+		}
+		resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+		r.NoError(err)
+		r.NotNil(resp)
+
+		var expectedObjects []*pb.Object
+		for i := 0; i < objectCount; i++ {
+			keyFile := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/root-file-%d.txt", i)
+			expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyFile, IsDir: false})
+			keyNestedFile := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-%d/data-file-%d.json", i, i)
+			expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyNestedFile, IsDir: false})
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < objectCount; i++ {
+			keyNestedDir := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-%d/", i)
+			expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyNestedDir, IsDir: true})
+			keyEmptyDir := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/empty-dir-%d/", i)
+			expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyEmptyDir, IsDir: true})
+			keyNestedEmptyDir := fmt.Sprintf("list-objects-paginated/empty-dir-%d/dir-%d/", i, i)
+			expectedObjects = append(expectedObjects, &pb.Object{Key: keyNestedEmptyDir, IsDir: true})
+		}
+
+		r.ElementsMatch(resp.Objects, expectedObjects)
+	})
+
+	// Test Scenario 4: Edge cases
+	t.Run("EdgeCases", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Subtest for a prefix that doesn't exist
+		t.Run("NonExistentPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects for a non-existent prefix")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "this/prefix/does/not/exist/",
+				Recursive: false,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+			r.Empty(resp.Objects)
+		})
+
+		// Subtest for listing inside a known empty directory
+		t.Run("InsideEmptyDirectory", func(t *testing.T) {
+			r := require.New(t)
+			t.Logf("testing ListObjects inside an empty directory")
+			req := &pb.ListObjectsRequest{
+				Bucket:    bucket,
+				KeyPrefix: "list-objects-paginated/empty-dirs/dir-10/",
+				Recursive: false,
+			}
+			resp, err := p.ListObjects(ctx, req)
+			r.NoError(err)
+			r.NotNil(resp)
+			r.Empty(resp.Objects)
+		})
+	})
+}

testing/testdata/host/iam.tf

@@ -1,24 +1,20 @@
-# Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-variable "iam_user_prefix" {
-  default = "boundary-plugin-host-aws-test-iam-user"
-}
-
-variable "iam_user_count" {
-  default = 6
-}
-
 resource "random_id" "aws_iam_user_name" {
   count       = var.iam_user_count
-  prefix      = "${var.iam_user_prefix}-${count.index}"
+  prefix      = "demo-${local.hashicorp_email}-boundary-iam-user"
   byte_length = 4
 }
 
 resource "aws_iam_user" "user" {
-  count         = var.iam_user_count
+  count                = var.iam_user_count
-  name          = random_id.aws_iam_user_name[count.index].dec
+  name                 = random_id.aws_iam_user_name[count.index].dec
-  force_destroy = true
+  force_destroy        = true
+  permissions_boundary = "arn:aws:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:policy/DemoUser"
+  tags = {
+    "boundary-demo" = local.hashicorp_email
+  }
 }
 
 resource "aws_iam_access_key" "user_initial_key" {
@@ -26,8 +22,13 @@ resource "aws_iam_access_key" "user_initial_key" {
   user  = aws_iam_user.user[count.index].name
 }
 
+resource "random_id" "aws_ec2_policy_name" {
+  prefix      = "BoundaryPluginHost"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
 resource "aws_iam_policy" "ec2_describeinstances" {
-  name = "BoundaryPluginHostAwsTestDescribeInstancesPolicy"
+  name = random_id.aws_ec2_policy_name.dec
 
   policy = <<EOF
 {
@@ -51,9 +52,15 @@ resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "user_ec2_describeinstances_attachment
   policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.ec2_describeinstances.arn
 }
 
+resource "random_id" "aws_iam_policy_name" {
+  count       = var.iam_user_count
+  prefix      = "BoundaryPluginCredentials"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
 resource "aws_iam_policy" "user_self_manage_policy" {
   count = var.iam_user_count
-  name  = "BoundaryPluginHostAwsTestUserSelfManagePolicy-${count.index}"
+  name  = random_id.aws_iam_policy_name[count.index].dec
 
   policy = <<EOF
 {

testing/testdata/host/main.tf

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 terraform {
   required_providers {
     aws = {
       source  = "hashicorp/aws"
-      version = "~> 3.0"
+      version = "~> 6.0"
     }
   }
 }

testing/testdata/host/variable.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+data "aws_caller_identity" "current" {}
+
+variable "iam_user_count" {
+  default = 6
+}
+
+# We are using a shared account for testing so make sure the stale ec2
+# machine tags don't match for this test run
+resource "random_id" "foo_key" {
+  prefix      = "foo"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "random_id" "bar_key" {
+  prefix      = "bar"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "random_id" "baz_key" {
+  prefix      = "baz"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+locals {
+  hashicorp_email = split(":", data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id)[1]
+  
+  instance_tags = [
+    {
+      "${random_id.foo_key.dec}" = "true"
+    },
+    {
+      "${random_id.foo_key.dec}" = "true"
+      "${random_id.bar_key.dec}" = "true"
+    },
+    {
+      "${random_id.bar_key.dec}" = "true"
+    },
+    {
+      "${random_id.bar_key.dec}" = "true"
+      "${random_id.baz_key.dec}" = "true"
+    },
+    {
+      "${random_id.baz_key.dec}" = "true"
+    },
+  ]
+}

testing/testdata/host/vpc_ec2.tf

@@ -1,28 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
-variable "instance_tags" {
-  default = [
-    {
-      "foo" = "true",
-    },
-    {
-      "foo" = "true",
-      "bar" = "true",
-    },
-    {
-      "bar" = "true",
-    },
-    {
-      "bar" = "true",
-      "baz" = "true",
-    },
-    {
-      "baz" = "true",
-    },
-  ]
-}
-
 data "aws_availability_zones" "azs" {}
 
 data "aws_ami" "ubuntu" {
@@ -52,12 +30,12 @@ resource "aws_subnet" "subnet" {
 }
 
 resource "aws_instance" "instances" {
-  count         = length(var.instance_tags)
+  count         = length(local.instance_tags)
   ami           = data.aws_ami.ubuntu.id
   instance_type = "t3.nano"
   subnet_id     = aws_subnet.subnet.id
 
-  tags = var.instance_tags[count.index]
+  tags = local.instance_tags[count.index]
 }
 
 output "instance_ids" {
@@ -74,4 +52,12 @@ output "instance_tags" {
   value = {
     for _, r in aws_instance.instances : r.id => r.tags
   }
-}
+}
+
+output "instance_tag_keys" {
+  value = [
+    random_id.foo_key.dec,
+    random_id.bar_key.dec,
+    random_id.baz_key.dec,
+  ]
+}

testing/testdata/main.tf

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 resource "random_id" "foo" {

testing/testdata/storage/iam.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+resource "aws_iam_role" "valid" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-valid"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
+    Version = "2012-10-17"
+    Statement = [
+      {
+        Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
+        Effect = "Allow"
+        Sid    = ""
+        Principal = {
+          AWS: data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id
+        }
+      },
+    ]
+  })
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_policy" "valid" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-valid"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  policy = <<EOT
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:PutObject",
+        "s3:GetObject",
+        "s3:DeleteObject",
+        "s3:GetObjectAttributes",
+        "s3:ListBucket",
+        "s3:DeleteObject"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_s3_bucket.test.arn}*"
+    },
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:ListBucket"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_s3_bucket.test.arn}"
+    }
+  ]
+
+}
+EOT
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "valid" {
+  role       = aws_iam_role.valid.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.valid.arn
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role" "missing_put_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-put-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
+    Version = "2012-10-17"
+    Statement = [
+      {
+        Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
+        Effect = "Allow"
+        Sid    = ""
+        Principal = {
+          AWS: data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id
+        }
+      },
+    ]
+  })
+}
+
+
+resource "aws_iam_policy" "missing_put_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-put-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  policy = <<EOT
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:GetObject",
+        "s3:GetObjectAttributes",
+        "s3:ListBucket",
+        "s3:DeleteObject"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_s3_bucket.test.arn}*"
+    }
+  ]
+
+}
+EOT
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "missing_put_obj" {
+  role       = aws_iam_role.missing_put_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_put_obj.arn
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role" "missing_get_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-get-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
+    Version = "2012-10-17"
+    Statement = [
+      {
+        Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
+        Effect = "Allow"
+        Sid    = ""
+        Principal = {
+          AWS: data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id
+        }
+      },
+    ]
+  })
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_policy" "missing_get_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-get-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  policy = <<EOT
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:PutObject",
+        "s3:DeleteObject"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_s3_bucket.test.arn}*"
+    }
+  ]
+
+}
+EOT
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "missing_get_obj" {
+  role       = aws_iam_role.missing_get_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_get_obj.arn
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-delete-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
+    Version = "2012-10-17"
+    Statement = [
+      {
+        Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
+        Effect = "Allow"
+        Sid    = ""
+        Principal = {
+          AWS: data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id
+        }
+      },
+    ]
+  })
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_policy" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  name = "${random_id.prefix.dec}-missing-delete-obj"
+  tags = local.tags
+
+  policy = <<EOT
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:PutObject",
+        "s3:GetObject",
+        "s3:GetObjectAttributes",
+        "s3:ListBucket"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_s3_bucket.test.arn}*"
+    }
+  ]
+
+}
+EOT
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  role       = aws_iam_role.missing_delete_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_delete_obj.arn
+}
+
+# Static Credential Testing
+resource "random_id" "user_name" {
+  count       = var.iam_user_count
+  prefix      = "demo-${local.hashicorp_email}" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user" "test" {
+  count                = var.iam_user_count
+  name                 = random_id.user_name[count.index].dec
+  force_destroy        = true
+  permissions_boundary = "arn:aws:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:policy/DemoUser" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  tags                 = local.tags
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_access_key" "test" {
+  count = var.iam_user_count
+  user  = aws_iam_user.test[count.index].name
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "test_s3" {
+  count      = var.iam_user_count
+  user       = aws_iam_user.test[count.index].name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.valid.arn
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_policy" "credentials" {
+  count = var.iam_user_count
+  name  = aws_iam_user.test[count.index].name
+  tags  = local.tags
+
+  policy = <<EOF
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Action": [
+        "iam:DeleteAccessKey",
+        "iam:GetUser",
+        "iam:CreateAccessKey"
+      ],
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Resource": "${aws_iam_user.test[count.index].arn}"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+EOF
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "test_credentials" {
+  count      = var.iam_user_count
+  user       = aws_iam_user.test[count.index].name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.credentials[count.index].arn
+}
+
+# Edge case for missing DeleteObject permission
+resource "random_id" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  prefix      =  "demo-${local.hashicorp_email}-boundary-iam-user"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  name          = random_id.missing_delete_obj.dec
+  force_destroy = true
+  permissions_boundary = "arn:aws:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:policy/DemoUser"
+  tags = {
+    "boundary-demo" = local.hashicorp_email
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_access_key" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  user  = aws_iam_user.missing_delete_obj.name
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "missing_delete_obj" {
+  user       = aws_iam_user.missing_delete_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_delete_obj.arn
+}
+
+# Edge case for missing GetObject permission
+
+resource "random_id" "missing_get_obj" {
+  prefix      = "demo-${local.hashicorp_email}" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user" "missing_get_obj" {
+  name                 = random_id.missing_get_obj.dec
+  force_destroy        = true
+  permissions_boundary = "arn:aws:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:policy/DemoUser" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  tags                 = local.tags
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_access_key" "missing_get_obj" {
+  user  = aws_iam_user.missing_get_obj.name
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "missing_get_obj" {
+  user       = aws_iam_user.missing_get_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_get_obj.arn
+}
+
+# Edge case for missing PutObject permission
+
+resource "random_id" "missing_put_obj" {
+  prefix      = "demo-${local.hashicorp_email}" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user" "missing_put_obj" {
+  name                 = random_id.missing_put_obj.dec
+  force_destroy        = true
+  permissions_boundary = "arn:aws:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:policy/DemoUser" # Do Not Remove/Edit. This is a requirement to obtain access in creating a iam user in the dev account.
+  tags                 = local.tags
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_access_key" "missing_put_obj" {
+  user  = aws_iam_user.missing_put_obj.name
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_user_policy_attachment" "missing_put_obj" {
+  user       = aws_iam_user.missing_put_obj.name
+  policy_arn = aws_iam_policy.missing_put_obj.arn
+}

testing/testdata/storage/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+terraform {
+  required_providers {
+    aws = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
+      version = "~> 6.0"
+    }
+  }
+}

testing/testdata/storage/output.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+output "bucket_name" {
+  value = aws_s3_bucket.test.id
+}
+
+output "valid_policy_arn" {
+  value = aws_iam_role.valid.arn
+}
+
+output "missing_put_obj_policy_arn" {
+  value = aws_iam_role.missing_put_obj.arn
+}
+
+output "missing_get_obj_policy_arn" {
+  value = aws_iam_role.missing_get_obj.arn
+}
+
+output "missing_delete_obj_policy_arn" {
+  value = aws_iam_role.missing_delete_obj.arn
+}
+
+output "iam_user_names" {
+  value = aws_iam_user.test.*.name
+}
+
+output "iam_user_arns" {
+  value = aws_iam_user.test.*.arn
+}
+
+output "iam_access_key_ids" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.test.*.id
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_secret_access_keys" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.test.*.secret
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_access_key_missing_put_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_put_obj.id
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_secret_access_key_missing_put_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_put_obj.secret
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_access_key_missing_get_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_get_obj.id
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_secret_access_key_missing_get_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_get_obj.secret
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_access_key_missing_delete_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_delete_obj.id
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "iam_secret_access_key_missing_delete_obj" {
+  value     = aws_iam_access_key.missing_delete_obj.secret
+  sensitive = true
+}
+
+output "s3_pagination_test_object_count" {
+  description = "The number of S3 objects created for each pagination test scenario."
+  value       = local.s3_pagination_test_object_count
+}

testing/testdata/storage/s3.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket" "test" {
+  bucket        = random_id.prefix.dec
+  force_destroy = true
+  tags          = local.tags
+}
+
+resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "secure_access" {
+  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.test.id
+
+  block_public_acls       = true
+  block_public_policy     = true
+  ignore_public_acls      = true
+  restrict_public_buckets = true
+}
+resource "aws_s3_object" "s3_files" {
+  for_each = local.s3_files
+
+  bucket  = aws_s3_bucket.test.id
+  key     = each.key
+  content = each.value
+  tags    = local.tags
+}

testing/testdata/storage/test_object_data

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+HELLO_WORLD!

testing/testdata/storage/variable.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+data "aws_caller_identity" "current" {}
+
+resource "random_id" "prefix" {
+  prefix      = "aws-plugin-e2e-test"
+  byte_length = 4
+}
+
+variable "iam_user_count" {
+  default = 6
+}
+
+locals {
+  hashicorp_email = split(":", data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id)[1]
+  tags = {
+    User        = split(":", data.aws_caller_identity.current.user_id)[1]
+    Repo        = "boundary-plugin-aws"
+    Environment = "Demo"
+  }
+
+  # total number of objects of each type to create
+  s3_pagination_test_object_count = 350
+  # Dynamically build a flat map of S3 objects:
+  # - root-level text files
+  # - nested JSON files
+  # - placeholder "empty directories"
+  # - some static files in list-objects directory
+  # This map is consumed directly by an aws_s3_object resource
+  s3_files = merge(
+    # Root-level text files
+    {
+      for i in range(local.s3_pagination_test_object_count) :
+      "list-objects-paginated/root-file-${i}.txt" => "This is a root-level file #${i}."
+    },
+
+    # Nested JSON files inside sub-directories
+    {
+      for i in range(local.s3_pagination_test_object_count) :
+      "list-objects-paginated/nested-dir-${i}/data-file-${i}.json" =>
+      jsonencode({
+        id      = i,
+        message = "This is a nested JSON file #${i}."
+      })
+    },
+
+    # "Empty" directories (in S3 these are just placeholder objects ending with `/`)
+    {
+      for i in range(local.s3_pagination_test_object_count) :
+      "list-objects-paginated/empty-dir-${i}/dir-${i}/" => "" # zero-length object to mimic directory
+    },
+
+    # Static example files in list-objects directory
+    {
+      "list-objects/file1.txt"            = "This is the content for file 1."
+      "list-objects/data.json"            = jsonencode({ key = "value", items = [1, 2, 3] })
+      "list-objects/nested-dir/file2.txt" = "This is a nested file."
+      "list-objects/empty-nested-dir/"    = ""
+    }
+  )
+}

testing/testing.go

@@ -1,18 +1,29 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package testing
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
 	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/aws/smithy-go"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/boundary-plugin-aws/internal/values"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib/awsutil/v2"
 	tfjson "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-json"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/structpb"
 )
 
+const expectedIamUserCount = 6
+
 // TestTerraformer is an object representing the lifecycle of a
 // particular Terraform project.
 //
@@ -264,3 +275,204 @@ func (t *TestTerraformer) showJson() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	return output, nil
 }
+
+func requireCredentialsInvalid(t *testing.T, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
+		awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKeyId),
+		awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretAccessKey),
+	)
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	// We need to wait for invalidation as while awsutil waits for
+	// credential creation, deletion of the old credentials returns
+	// immediately.
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*30)
+	defer cancel()
+waitErr:
+	for {
+		_, err = c.GetCallerIdentity(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-time.After(time.Second):
+			// pass
+
+		case <-timeoutCtx.Done():
+			break waitErr
+		}
+	}
+
+	require.NotNil(err)
+	var ae smithy.APIError
+	require.True(errors.As(err, &ae))
+	require.Equal("InvalidClientTokenId", ae.ErrorCode())
+}
+
+func requireCredentialsValid(t *testing.T, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	c, err := awsutil.NewCredentialsConfig(
+		awsutil.WithAccessKey(accessKeyId),
+		awsutil.WithSecretKey(secretAccessKey),
+	)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	_, err = c.GetCallerIdentity(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(err)
+}
+
+func validatePersistedSecrets(t *testing.T, persistedSecrets *structpb.Struct, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey string, rotate bool) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	require.NotNil(persistedSecrets)
+	persistedAccessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstAccessKeyId, true)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotZero(persistedAccessKeyId)
+	if rotate {
+		require.NotEqual(accessKeyId, persistedAccessKeyId)
+	} else {
+		require.Equal(accessKeyId, persistedAccessKeyId)
+	}
+
+	persistedSecretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotZero(persistedSecretAccessKey)
+	if rotate {
+		require.NotEqual(secretAccessKey, persistedSecretAccessKey)
+	} else {
+		require.Equal(secretAccessKey, persistedSecretAccessKey)
+	}
+
+	persistedCredsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	if rotate {
+		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, accessKeyId, secretAccessKey)
+	} else {
+		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+	}
+
+	return persistedAccessKeyId, persistedSecretAccessKey
+}
+
+func validateUpdateSecrets(
+	t *testing.T, persistedSecrets *structpb.Struct, currentCredsLastRotatedTime time.Time,
+	currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey, newAccessKeyId, newSecretAccessKey string,
+	rotated, rotate bool) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	require := require.New(t)
+
+	// Complex checks based on the scenarios.
+	persistedAccessKeyId, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstAccessKeyId, true)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotZero(persistedAccessKeyId)
+	persistedSecretAccessKey, err := values.GetStringValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstSecretAccessKey, true)
+	require.NoError(err)
+	require.NotZero(persistedSecretAccessKey)
+	persistedCredsLastRotatedTime, err := values.GetTimeValue(persistedSecrets, credential.ConstCredsLastRotatedTime)
+	require.NoError(err)
+
+	// Our test scenarios are complex due the multi-dimensional nature
+	// of criteria, so we lay them out in a switch below.
+	switch {
+	case newAccessKeyId != "" && rotated && rotate:
+		// The new access key ID was provided, we had previously rotated
+		// the credentials before, and the new credential set is to be
+		// rotated as well. In this case, the old credentials should have
+		// been deleted, and the new credentials should have been rotated,
+		// hence, should not match the new credentials initially
+		// provided. Rotation time should be non-zero and updated.
+		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+		require.True(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime.After(currentCredsLastRotatedTime))
+
+	case newAccessKeyId != "" && rotated && !rotate:
+		// The new access key ID was provided, we had previously rotated
+		// the credentials before, and the new credential is *not*
+		// rotated. In this case, the old credentials should have
+		// been deleted, But the new credentials should have not been
+		// rotated, and hence should be the same. Rotation time should be
+		// zero.
+		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
+		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+
+	case newAccessKeyId != "" && !rotated && rotate:
+		// The new access key ID was provided, we *have not* previously
+		// rotated the credentials, and the new credential set is to be
+		// rotated. In this case, the old credentials should have been
+		// left alone, and the new credentials should have been rotated,
+		// hence, should not match the new credentials initially
+		// provided. Rotation time should be non-zero, but updated.
+		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+		require.True(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime.After(currentCredsLastRotatedTime))
+
+	case newAccessKeyId != "" && !rotated && !rotate:
+		// The new access key ID was provided, but we have not rotated
+		// the credentials previously and we still don't plan on rotating
+		// them. In this case, the old credentials should still be valid,
+		// and the persisted ones should match the new ones provided.
+		// Rotation time should be zero.
+		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, newAccessKeyId)
+		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, newSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+
+	case newAccessKeyId == "" && rotated && rotate:
+		// No new credentials have been provided, but we have previously
+		// rotated and are still rotating credentials. This is a no-op.
+		// Existing credentials should still be valid and match the ones
+		// persisted to state. Rotation time should be identical since
+		// no new rotation occurred.
+		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
+		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+		require.True(currentCredsLastRotatedTime.Equal(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime))
+
+	case newAccessKeyId == "" && rotated && !rotate:
+		// No new credentials have been provided, and we have previously
+		// rotated the credentials. This is actually an error, but we
+		// don't test it here; it's covered in unit testing (see
+		// plugin_test.go).
+		require.FailNow("testing rotated-to-not-rotated scenario not implemented by this helper")
+
+	case newAccessKeyId == "" && !rotated && rotate:
+		// No new credentials have been provided, and while we did not
+		// rotate before, we want to switch to rotation. In this case,
+		// the existing persisted credentials should have been rotated,
+		// with a new non-zero timestamp.
+		requireCredentialsInvalid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
+		require.NotEqual(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.NotZero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+
+	case newAccessKeyId == "" && !rotated && !rotate:
+		// No new credentials have been provided and we have not, nor do
+		// not, plan on rotating the credentials. This is a no-op.
+		// Existing credentials should still be valid and match the ones
+		// persisted to state. Rotation time should remain at zero.
+		requireCredentialsValid(t, currentAccessKeyId, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Equal(persistedAccessKeyId, currentAccessKeyId)
+		require.Equal(persistedSecretAccessKey, currentSecretAccessKey)
+		require.Zero(persistedCredsLastRotatedTime)
+
+	default:
+		// Scenario was reached that was not covered by this function.
+		require.FailNow("unknown test scenario")
+	}
+
+	return persistedAccessKeyId, persistedSecretAccessKey
+}

testing/testing_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// Copyright IBM Corp. 2021, 2026
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 
 package testing