hpr-knowledge-base/hpr_transcripts/hpr2526.txt

Episode: 2526
Title: HPR2526: Gnu Awk - Part 10
Source: https://hub.hackerpublicradio.org/ccdn.php?filename=/eps/hpr2526/hpr2526.mp3
Transcribed: 2025-10-19 04:48:27

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This is HPR Episode 2,526 entitled Genuorg Part 10 and is part of the series Learningorg.
It is hosted by Dave Morris and is about 42 minutes long and carries an explicit flag.
The summary is more about arranging Genuorg.
This episode of HPR is brought to you by Archive.org.
Support universal access to all knowledge by heading over to Archive.org forward slash
Donate.
Hello everybody. This is Dave Morris. Welcome to Hanker Public Radio. Today I'm going
to talk about Orc, Genuorg. This is show number 10 in the series, which be easier
myself have been producing. This episode I want to talk more about use of arrays in Orc
because arrays are pretty cool and important to understand. I also want to talk about some
real world examples of the use of Orc. So far we've been looking at trivial examples
that demonstrate the point, but they're not really related to how you'd really use
it. So I really wanted to see if I could add a few of these from time to time just so
you can see how it can be used. So let's just quickly recap the whole array business.
We know that arrays in Orc are associative, that is, the index used to refer to an element
is a string. The contents as well can be a string or a number or whatever. It can indeed
be nothing. They can have empty array elements, which I guess you would regard as containing
empty strings. Remember that an associative array is also called a hash. You might see the
same term used in other context. The array index thing you use to index a specific element
is also referred to as a subscript. I guess that's more mathematical. We know that array
elements are referred to by the name of the array and then the index expression in square
brackets. So for example, if you had an array called fruit and there was an element index
by apple, you would type fruit, or cases, and then in square brackets the string apple.
Remember a string in Orc is enclosed in double quotes. So that means the element of the array
fruit, which is indexed by the string apple. Now the index value is actually an expression,
so it can be of any level of complexity. So I've got a little example in the notes, two variables
in one and in two. First one is set to the string A, P, B. Second one is set to the string
L, E. And if you did print fruit square bracket in one, then a space in two, close square brackets.
The two strings are concatenated. You just have to put string variables next to one another,
and they get concatenated, they make the string apple. So it would index and print the contents.
We saw earlier as well in the series that you can check to see whether an array element
exists by asking whether the index exists. So the expression is index, whatever that happens to
be, whether it's a constant or a variable in, word in, and then the name of the array. So for
example you might type if open parentheses, and then in double quotes apple, that's a string,
constant string, space in, space fruit, close parentheses, and then the thing that depends on
that, if would be print fruit with an index of apple, perhaps you might say yes it exists or
whatever. You also remember that looping through the elements of array is achieved with a special
version of the four statement where you type four space open parentheses in, whatever the index name is,
in fruit, for example. So it's another case of the in, of the in expression. So in, in fruit,
close parentheses, and then you could do print, fruit, square bracket, end, where end is, is a
variable name, which is being given successive values of the indexes. Now the order in which you get
these is arbitrary. It's, I think it's constant every time you run it for a given awk, but if you run
awk on one string, then on another, particularly if they're different versions of Linux or Unix and
stuff, then there's no guarantee that you're going to get the same thing. There's no guarantee full
stock that you're going to get these things in order. We'll look at this in, in another episode,
because a canoe awk gives you better capabilities in this area, but that's not a thing for today.
So quite often you might want to use a number as the index of an array. Remember the subscripts
are always string in awk. If you, if you typed something, if you typed a number as an index,
then it will be automatically converted into a string. So if you typed something like the
array name data, square brackets, 42, close square brackets equals some number. I quite like 8388607,
which is 2 to the 23 minus 1, used to work on 24 bit machines years ago and somehow that number
stuck in my head. So the integer number 42, in this case, is converted to the string 42. Surprise,
surprise. And it just works. You could either type it with quotes around it or not, but it
all can handle other number bases. So it will handle octal. So if you, as the standard Unix convention,
which personally I've never fully understood, but we're leading zero to notes that the number is an
octal number. So if you typed data square brackets 0, 5, 2, then that, it means the same as data
square brackets 42, because decimal 42 is octal 52 or 5, 2 would be a better way of saying it.
So that could be confusing. You need to be careful about that, which is why I'm telling you this.
So you, you don't accidentally trip over things. You can also type hexadecimal numbers. So
data array data square brackets 0x2a, doesn't matter what case, but I've used uppercase for the A,
that is the hexadecimal equivalent of 42. So you would get the same element. Now the way in which
numbers are converted into strings in Ork is important to understand. There is a built-in variable
called con-fmit, c-o-n-v-f-m-t, all in uppercase, and it defines the conversion for floating point numbers.
Intages just exist as they are. Behind the scenes, there's a function, which is called sprint f,
which is used to convert numbers into strings. Sprint f is like print f, surprisingly, but instead of
printing anything, it converts a number into a string using a formatting specification. You'll
remember, we saw print f in the episode nine. So by default, this, I'm going to call it con-format,
is the string. The format is the string percent dot six g. What this means is numbers
would be printed using the g format, which means if you look at the manual, print a number in either
scientific notation or in floating point notation, whichever uses fewer characters. So that's fun.
The number six here aims to format the number in a width of six, well six digits plus the decimal point.
You can change the setting of this con-format thing in your own script if you wish, so you can,
you can change the way this behaves. Come on to this in a moment. So knowing that this is what's
happening, I've got a little example script, which whole script you could type on the command line,
where there's a begin rule, and in it a variable called x is set to the expression 100 divided by
three, and then that variable is used to index an array called data. We set data square brackets
x to a value. I don't know what made me think of custard when I was typing this, but that's what I did.
Then print, we print x, and then we print the context, contents of data square bracket x. So what we
get, from dividing our 100 by three, is 33.3333. So that's seven characters along, and we get
the string custard from that print statement. So what that means is the index up to the data array
is the string 33.3333. Things get more weird if you change that example, and instead of
dividing 100 by three, you divide, well, that'd be a thousand million, what is that called?
So I have a special name, I can't remember, but it's one with nine zeros after it, divide that by
three. I chose three because it produces a number full of threes. Set data x to some value, and then
do the same again, print x, and print the contents of the array variable index by x. Well, what we get
for x is 3.33333 e plus zero eight. So that's scientific notation, which means 3.3333, times 10 to
the eight. So that's a pretty weird index to an array. It works fine, but it is rather weird.
And there's nothing wrong with that. But if you're in the habit of fiddling around with this
format spec, convfmt, then if it's set to one thing when you store something, and it's set
something else when you retrieve it, you're going to have problems retrieving it or could have.
So being aware of that is important, I think. So next thing then, what about if the variable
you're using as a subscript is not initialized? Remember, an uninitialized variable in a walk,
when you treat it as a number, it's regarded as being zero. But if you're treating it as a string,
then it's regarded as being the null string, an empty string. So I've made a little example,
which is downloadable from the show, which I've also listed in the the notes, the long notes
what this does, it slurps some data from standard in into an array, and then it prints it back out
again. The actual, the thing that's wrong, I made this an executable script by the way, so it starts
with hash, bang, user bin or minus f. We've seen that before. I'm just echoing a string into it,
so it can work on it. But in order, I actually wanted to give it three lines. So I used echo,
hyphen e, and then a string of capital A, newline, capital B, newline, capital C, and the hyphen
e format of echo lets you put these escape sequences in there, so I've used backslash in.
So I'm echoing that into this particular script that's being invoked. Now that's the script
read stuff. It reads using, it stores, I should say, using a variable L into an array called A.
I wasn't very original with names, but just saved some typing. So A square bracket L equals
$0 is the first line of the main rule. Now L will be uninitialized the first time it's used. So
L is going to be converted to a string, and since it's not being treated as a number,
it will produce a null string. That's a perfectly valid array index. Then the next line,
L is L plus plus, so L is incremented. So now it takes a numeric value, and in that context,
it will be set to 1, because the thing that's computing the addition will treat its
uninitialized state as 0, and it will add 1 to it. The third line is the print statement,
which prints out, N-R. I remember N-R is the built-in variable that counts the number of records
that your org script is reading. Print that out, followed by space, followed by the contents
of that line. So you'll see an example that I was mentioning earlier that you see lines 1, 2,
and 3, and the contents are A, B, and C. Now the end rule for this little script consists of
a print statement, where print numeric subscripts. Then it uses a for loop, where i is set to,
i is the control variable of the for loop, it's set to L, which will be the maximum number that
was counted as the main rule was looping. Minus 1, because it would have been added to after
the last line, was read, and it's counting backwards to 0. So it prints out the value of i, a colon,
a space, and the contents of the array A with the index i. So when you look at what that produces,
it produces under the title numeric subscripts 2 contains C, that's element 2 contains C,
element 1 contains B, element 0 names nothing. We can't see A, A's vanished. I think you've already
ahead of me, probably you understand why. Then in the end rule there's another bit of code which
consists of a print statement saying which reports actual subscripts. And that's followed by
another for loop using the index in array format. So it's for space open parenthesis i in A,
close parenthesis. Then the thing that depends on that is print i, contents of i, and the colon
in a space, and then A, square brackets i. So when that's run, this is that's going to walk
through all of the subscripts of this array. The first thing we see is a line which consists
simply of a colon, a space, and letter A. So in other words, the first subscript, the first index
that we get back, is a null string, and that's the element that contains the very value A that was
read in. Then we get zero colon, followed by nothing. Then we get one colon B, two colon C. Why did we
have a zero, an element zero? Well, the previous loop, when it was looking for it, the
browsers looking actually created it, and created it empty. So this, this is, there's a lot of
potential confusion, which is why I'm going to this explanation. This is also covered in the
glu walk manual. Now the two lines that consist of A square brackets L equals dollar zero,
followed by L plus plus. If that had been replaced by A square brackets L plus plus,
closed square brackets equals dollar zero, we wouldn't have had this problem. That's because
L is uninitialized, but L plus plus means return the current value of L, and then increment it.
So it's a post increment, it's called. Because this is being done in an arithmetic context,
it forces the first value returned to be zero, and then it increments it to one. So you would find
that the letter capital A would have been stored in element zero, B in one, C in two, as would have
been intended. As opposed to what we got in the previous example, where things got a little bit
confusing. Okay, now the couple of things about arrays. First of all, you can delete array elements.
There's actually a statement, delete, which is followed by the name of the array, and then in
square brackets, an index. So you're deleting an individual element of an array. You could have
tidied up the messy example before by simply typing delete space A square bracket zero. It would
have got rid of the empty element. Should you have wished to. You can also delete an entire array
with the statement, delete, and then the name of the array. The array doesn't vanish, it just
becomes empty. So that name still declared defined in your script. So if you then went and
tried to make a simple variable, an ordinary variable, a scalar variable. So you set, you did,
you know, your arrays called A, and you typed A equals 42, then your script would fail with an
error message because A already exists as an empty array. The other thing I thought would be useful
to know about this stage was the ability to take a string and chop it up and put the bits in an array.
I haven't got an example of this being done, but we'll, I will come up with one in the future
episode when I talk a bit more about this, I think. There are actually two functions in ORC,
which can generate arrays from strings by chopping. The functions are called split and pat split.
We're going to just look at split in this episode. We'll come back and look at arrays later
in a further episode. So the general format of the split function is split. Let's name the function,
open parentheses, then there's a string, comma, and then the name of an array. By the way, the string
can be a constant string, a thing in quotes, or it can be the name of a variable holding a string.
The array is the name of an array. Then optionally after that will be a field that's referred to as
field set, comma field set. So that's the name of, that is a regular expression that's used
as the thing that is to be used for chopping the string up. Then there's a further optional
argument, which is denoted as seps, so it's another array, which is to hold the separators that
are found as split is chopping the array up. The seps bit, the fourth argument, is a
GNU ORC extension. Other ORC versions will not have it. So when this splitting is done, successive
pieces are placed in the nominated array in elements 1, 2, and so forth. It's important to be
aware that the array is emptied before the splitting begin, so you can't use split to add to an array,
and if you give the name of the array, it's always initialized to empty and then is filled up.
If you don't provide the separator, then the built-in variable FS is you. We've talked a lot about
the field separator variable. So it's doing something very similar to what ORC does all by itself
when reading data from a file or from standard in. If you provide it, it's a regular expression.
Which FS is as well, and it can be a regular expression constant, or it can be a variable containing
a regular expression. That's an example coming up in a moment. The way that the separators are stored
is interesting. If you use a field separator of a single space, then split takes any leading
spaces and puts them into the separators array element 0, and any trailing white space on the line
is put into separator array n, where n is the number of elements in the array, which is capturing
the chopped up bits. When split is run, it returns the number of pieces placed in the array.
That's quite a powerful thing. It's why I thought it was worth talking about it here.
So I've provided a simple example, which again you can download it, and it's an executable script.
What this one does, it's a pretty simple one. You've seen this sort of thing before.
It will be fed a series of lines, and it will simply put each line into an array.
So the main rule is something which consists of one statement,
an array is called the array that we're using is called lines, and we're using nr as the index.
So line square brackets, nr, capital nr, you remember nr is the record number of the current
record, and we set that to dollar zero. So the array gets filled up with the lines that are
presented to the script. Then the n rule consists of a loop within a loop.
So the first loop is an array scanning loop, which is four space open parenthesis i in lines,
close parenthesis, and then an open curly brace because the the body of this loop is going to be
multiline. So we've got the line in, we're going to split it, and the split statement says
split. Now the thing we're going to split is lines, square brackets i, so the current record,
the current element that we're looking at in the array, which is one of the lines that came in
in the first instance. And we're going to store it in an array called fields, which is,
I've done with no vowels, F-L-D-S, and then that's followed by a regular expression constant,
which is one of those things enclosed in slashes, and I've got space asterisk comma, space asterisk.
So what that means is a comma with any number of spaces before it and after it is the separator.
We have another argument which is comma steps, of course, I've got an array there which are called
steps with no originality at all, into which the separators are going to be put, and then we close
the parenthesis. So at that point in the loop we've, we've got the line, we've chopped it up,
and it's in this array called F-L-D-S. So the next thing is another loop, and this one is four
open parenthesis, j, in F-L-D-S, closed parenthesis. This one's just got the one line depending on it.
So that line consists of a print F, and the format for the print F is a string,
which contains a percent S with a vertical bar either side of it. It's just to demonstrate that
there are no spaces before or after the thing. Then there's a space, and then in parentheses,
so in the format thing here, we've got another percent S. So there are two strings to be printed out,
one with vertical bars either side and one with parenthesis around it. Backslash N for a new line,
because you need that in print F, comma F-L-D-S square brackets, j, closed square bracket. So that prints
out the currently indexed element of the F-L-D-S array. Ceps is also printed out. That's the second
string, and that's also indexed by j. I'm not indexing the zero-th element in this case,
because well, it's probably going a bit too far. So there's an example here of how what happens
when it's run. We have an echo minus E, I think E, I should say, and we're doing another ABC thing,
so using the echo, I think, that actually put new lines in a string. We've got A, B, C,
no spaces, backslash N, D, comma, lots of spaces, E, lots of spaces, comma F, closed the string,
and then that's fed into this script. I'm not reading the names of these scripts, because they're
not really very meaningful. They're just there to, as a handle for you to download, if you're so
interested. So what you see is, we've just got letters A to F, and they are printed one per line,
no spaces around them, because we were using spaces as part of the delimiter. The first one's
separator is a symbol comma, the second is a symbol comma, the third one, because it's just
before a new line, there's no separator at all. Then for the D, we've got a comma and a bunch of
spaces for the E, we've got a bunch of spaces and a comma, and then for the F, we have no separator,
because that's the new line at the end of the string. So hopefully you can see what split has done,
and the potential uses of split from that. So okay, I'm leaving the array stuff alone for the
moment then. So I'm going to make this episode a bit longer than some of the previous ones,
that we have been up, we have been as long as 40 minutes in this series, but I wanted to talk
about a couple of real world, real world examples using Ork. These aren't specifically about arrays,
just some uses for Ork and why you should use it yourself. So the first one is scanning a log
file. I have a script that I wrote, not in Ork, which adds tags and summaries to HBRS episodes
that don't have any. I mentioned this whole project every month on the community news show,
probably boring everybody's death of it, but still. The script gets its updates as email messages,
and as it processes them it keeps a log, and I've put an example of a couple of lines from the
log in the notes here. Each log line begins with the date, followed by the time, and these are
dates and times for on the server, which is in California. It's followed by a message in square
brackets, which is the type of record in the log, the relative important, and then some stuff some
text relating to the event that is being log. One of these is the show that's been worked on,
and whether tags and or summaries have been, summary has been added. So what I wanted to do was to
report on the number of tags and summaries that have been processed in the previous month when I
do a community news, do the notes for the community news show. So what I want to do is scan the log file
for the total for the month. Now when I first did this I used a pipeline with GREP and WC and stuff
in it, but this is a really good case for using Ork. So my solution, which I've listed here, it's
only 12 lines long, and it's not only an Ork script, it's something you could put into a bash script
or type on the command line if you were mad enough to do it. I have been, but I'm not anymore,
but just so it's developing, it's useful to do it. So I wanted to just quickly go through it.
It consists of three rules. There's a begin rule, which is, there's numbers on this stuff,
so I can refer to them. So it's lines two to five, and what happens in the begin rule is that
a variable called RE is filled with an irregular expression. Regular expression starts with
a circumplex, which is the anchor for the star of the line, which I'm sure you'll remember from
many discussions of regular expressions. This is then followed by piece of the date,
and the date is generated dynamically using a built-in Ork function called ststrf times,
strifetime. Not sure it's meant to be pronounced, but there you go. I won't go into details about
how it does it. I think we should cover this in a little bit more detail later, this particular
function, but we're generating the current year as a four-digit thing, a slash, the current
month is a two-digit thing, and then a slash. So that means we're looking only for records,
which begin with the year and month that we're interested in. So this is then followed by two dots,
a space, any number, two dots mean two arbitrary characters, which matched another date,
part of the date. Then any number of any characters, followed by a space, and then
one to four numbers and a colon. So the, as I said, the two dots match the date part of the
the day part of the date. The dot asterisk covers the time, I'm not interested in the time,
and it also covers the square bracket info or whatever it is. Then we're looking for the line
after that has to have a number in it, which will be the show number followed by a colon.
We're not interested in anything else. The regular expression is actually a string concatenation,
there are three strings there. The other thing in the begin rule is that a variable called
camp is initialized to zero. That's just me being a good programmer, I guess. I just feel more
comfortable at initializing it. So the main rule is simply comparing using dollar zero
tilde re in the variable re, it's comparing each line with the regular expression. And if
found, if it matches, I should say, then it prints it out, and it prints it out with a number
proceeding it, which is the current contents of the camp variable, followed by the line itself.
The count is one of the arguments to print f as it's dollar zero, but count is preceded by
two pluses, which means pre-increment it. So it can start at zero, so the first time it's printed,
or it'll produce a one. And the format statement for it, the format specification, is percent zero
to D. So we'll get a two digit number with leading zeros. Okay, I won't go into any more detail
the end rule consists of one statement, print the string additions, followed by the contents of
the variable count, which will counter the number of lines that match. So I show some sample output
for February 2018, where all of the various additions are listed and the number is 23. That's
turned out to be I think 25. In the end, but this was this was done at some point during the month.
As I say, we better to pull that stuff in a bash script, probably the easiest thing. You could
put it in an orc script as well. Either way we'd do, maybe we'll do that. But the point is it's just
you, it's just doing some fancy matching in a in a fire, and it works very good at doing this sort of thing.
Okay, second example is a bit more complex. It's actually, it's a fairly simple script, but
preamble is necessary. So we're not losing doing that. So what I'm trying to do is to pause
a tab-delimited file with columns in it. So I currently look after the process of uploading HBR
episodes to the internet archive. And I use Python library to do this, and the library is called
Internet Archive, and one of the tools that comes with it is a bundle line tool. It uses the
library, and it's called IA, which is short for Internet Archive. The IA tool lets me interrogate
the archive, get data about existing shows, and let's me upload stuff and delete stuff and change
stuff and whatever. So it's an excellent generic tool for doing all this stuff. And in some cases,
I've found it necessary to replace the audio formats on the Internet Archive with copies that
have been generated on the HBR system. And that's because we want to ensure these audio files contain
metadata, audio tags that you'd see in your podcast or whatever. And these files are created by the
Internet Archive software by default. So you just need to upload one file, ideally a WAV file,
which we do, what we have been doing, and the archive.org software, the Internet Archive software,
does a process that refers to its derivation and creates a whole list of other formats. But in
doing so, it does not propagate the metadata. Since we're now pointing our podcast feeds at the
Internet Archive, the fact that they contain no metadata is causing some problems for people.
So we've been making versions which do contain tags and uploading them. So I need to be able to tell
which HBR episodes have got the tag list derived audio and which have got audio that we've generated.
The IA tool can do this, but it does it in a format that's hard to parse. So I wrote an org
script to help me. What the IA tool produces is tab-delimited lines. First line contains the names
of all of the columns. So it's like a spreadsheet type of layout. Not very readable for humans,
but fine for computer. You could put it in a spreadsheet probably, but that would be a pain.
The way it's formatted, and I don't really understand why, there's that sometimes certain columns
are missing or they're in different orders. So you can't say, give me column one and column six,
because column one's fairly constant, but column six varies. So you get different data out depending
on which show on internet archive you're looking at. So I wrote a script to try and overcome this.
The script is called parseIAaudio.org, and it's an executable org script. I've listed it in the notes
here. It's not particularly long, but it's got a fair number of comments in. I need comments in
my scripts because I come back to them later and I don't know what the hell is this. So I've left
them in for your edification. So there's a begin rule in this script, and it simply sets FS,
the field separator, to the tab character, backslash t. And there are two other rules. The first one
only runs when the first record is encountered. So it's checking for nr, the record number being one.
Now this is the header line. There is in these notes a snapshot, first three lines of one of these
files for show 2, 4, 5, 0, and you'll see it's got a bunch of titles separated by column titles
separated by tabs. So that's the one we're reading. We have a for loop which uses a variable,
numeric variable i, to iterate from one to the number of fields. Remember NF, capital NF,
its number of fields variable. And for each instance, it stores in an array called FLD,
some values. The index to FLD is dollar i. Now you'll remember we have covered this before.
i will be a number from one to whatever the number of fields is. If you put a dollar in front
of the variable, it means take that number and treat it, treat the whole thing as if you're referring
to a field. Remember the fields are called dollar one, dollar two, dollar three. So the first time
we're we're using dollar one, the next time around the loop dollar two. Each of these fields will
contain one of the names that we saw. So the first one is actually the word name. So we will be
storing that. And what we're storing is the value of the counter. So in the notes, I've got a list
of the sort of stuff that would be stored in this array based upon the example in the notes.
So FLD indexed by name, set to one, FLD, SHA one, set to two, FLD format,
set to three and so on. The second rule is invoked if two conditions are met. First condition is
the record number is greater than one. We already dealt the first line anyway, so that's pretty
obvious. The second test is a bit more weird. What it says is the field whose number is whatever
the header name returned, one, field one, it will be in the example. And the name in there,
the string that you get out of there should end with, this is a regular expression match,
either I've any of the strings, flack, MP3, og, opus, SPX and WAV. I'm looking only for the audio
file. There are a whole bunch of other files associated with the show on the internet archive,
but I'm only interested in the audio file, so it's just looking for those based on the extension.
If we match both of these conditions, we'll put a couple of fields from that line. What the way
we do it is we use the FLD array to get the particular fields. So FLD you remember contains
indexes which are the the titles and that first header line. I'm interested in the field which is
called name in there and the field called source. I just want them printed out and I want
them formatted in a particular way and you see there's a print app that does that.
It prints out two strings in one, first one is 15 characters long and second one we don't care.
So what is all this stuff here? This dollar parentheses FLD square brackets quote name,
close square bracket, close parenthesis. What that means is use the values stored in the array FLD
square brackets name which in the example was one and use that to reference a field. So the
thing I just mentioned the thing in parentheses would resolve to dollar parentheses one.
And that's just a way of writing dollar one. So just print out dollar one from the input line.
We have to put parentheses around this because we're using an array inside the parentheses and
if we simply stuck the dollar on the front of FLD or could be confused about what was meant. So
what the script is doing is printing specific columns for certain lines. Selecting particular
lines is selecting particular columns but we don't know exactly which columns we want. We just know
what the name is. So we're simply using the field names to get the columns that we want.
Hopefully that's made sense of that. It's actually a really simple concept but the way it's done is
I think probably the only way it could be done if you think otherwise and come back with some
suggestions but it um it deals with it deals with this problem. I should say that most of the queries
that you send to the internet archive interface returns Jason formatted result. Jason's a whole
other ballgame. It's not something that or can easily pass probably could but would be such a pain
to do. For some reason this one returns a tab-delimited file and it varies where all the fields are
but all was well able to to deal with. So I hope that was useful and helpful and possibly even
interesting and that's all I'm going to say about this one. That's it really. All right then. Bye bye.
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