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hpr_transcripts/hpr1273.txt

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+Episode: 1273
+Title: HPR1273: LiTS 032: cat
+Source: https://hub.hackerpublicradio.org/ccdn.php?filename=/eps/hpr1273/hpr1273.mp3
+Transcribed: 2025-10-17 22:44:37
+
+---
+
+Welcome to Linux in the Shell episode 31.
+My name is Dan Waschko.
+I'll be your host and before starting, as always, I'd like to thank Hacker Public Radio
+for hosting the website and the audio files.
+HackerPublicRadio.org, check it out for some really great content every day of the week
+and consider contributing to Hacker Public Radio because they're always looking for new
+and fresh voices.
+HackerPublicRadio.org.
+Today, we're going to talk about the Cat command.
+Cat command stands for concatenate, and basically what it does is it takes a file or standard
+in and concatenates it or displays it to standard out or, but through redirection to another
+file or using a pipe to another command.
+Cat basic, but very versatile.
+Let's talk about some of the basics switches for Cat command.
+Cat, let's say you have a file called test.txt.
+Cat test.txt is just going to display the contents of test.txt out to standard out.
+So you're going to see that file.
+Dash N or dash-number is going to number each line of the output of the file.
+So if you do dash cat dash n test.txt, each line of that file is going to have a number
+preceding it.
+Very basic.
+Now you can use a dash B or dash dash number dash non-blank, where the line number will
+only be be front or proceed any non-blank line.
+So any line that has text or characters on it, it will have a number.
+But if it's a blank line, it will not number it.
+It will just be a gap there.
+But it will still preserve the contents of the file.
+If there's a blank line, you'll see the blank line.
+There's a dash S or dash dash squeeze blank, which removes repeated empty lines of output.
+So if your test file has a number of lines, like a number of sentences, and then you have
+a blank line and then a number of sentences, you'll see that blank line.
+But if you have, after that blank line, there's four other blank lines for a total of five
+blank lines.
+You will only see one blank line.
+You'll be able to suppress any repeated empty lines in the output.
+So the kind of squeezed out is what ends up happening.
+The cat command can show non-printing characters with the dash V or dash dash show non-printing,
+which can be very handy.
+If you are looking at a file, you want to make sure it doesn't have any like DOS line breaks
+or anything like that in there.
+You could do a cat dash V on the file, and it will show you all the line breaks in their
+DOS line breaks or non-printing characters.
+If you just cat the file, you won't see them.
+If you less or more, or, you know, VI, the file, chances are you may not see them either.
+But with the dash V, you can see the non-printing characters pretty handy.
+Now if you really want to test this out, a way to get non-printing characters into a file,
+you can do like VI or VIM, like VIM test.txt, and if you want to put a non-printing character
+in there, you do control M and then control some other character like V. You can put in
+there, control M, control V, we give you a non-printable character, which you can test this
+out.
+The dash E or dash dash show ends to cat command displays a dollar sign at the end of
+each line.
+So if you're not clear on where a line ends or you want to see line ends, it will put
+the dash E, capital E, will show a dollar sign at the end of the line.
+And if it's in the blank line, it will show a dollar sign only on that line.
+Now that's stuff that's not going to be printed or show up in the file itself regularly
+unless you do the dash capital E. So it's not adding anything to your file, just be
+aware of that.
+You can show tabs in a file, well, technically what it does is it kind of shows tab replacement
+tab character.
+If the dash capital T or dash dash show tabs, show dash tabs.
+And instead of seeing the space where a tab would be, you're going to see a carrot ends
+an L instead of, or a carrot and a capital I, sorry, instead of the tab itself.
+So you'll see, if you had two tabs, you'd see carrot, capital I, carrot, capital I,
+with the dash capital C.
+Now some of these commands can be aggregated, instead of having to show each and every,
+you know, put each and switch in there, you could do dash lower case E. And what that
+does is it combines dash lower case V and capital E together, which means show all non-printing
+characters and show the ends of the files.
+All right, there's dash T, which combines, you guessed it, lower case V and capital T,
+which shows non-printing characters and tabs.
+Tab substitution, instead of tabs, you see the tab character.
+Then there's dash A for everything, which is combination of dash V, capital E and capital
+T. Now it shows all non-printing characters, shows the ends of lines, and shows tabs as
+tab replacement character.
+If you do not specify a file to the cat commands, it will accept input from standard in, which
+means anything you type in standard in and hit enter is going to be echoed back out
+on standard out.
+Similarly, a dash, or a, yeah, dash for a file will signify to use standard in also.
+And you could do some pretty neat stuff with that.
+I saw a couple of years ago that the Linux from scratch project, they talked about using
+or showed you how to use the cat command as a text editor, a quick and dirty text editor.
+So you would type in cat, and you would output that, or redirect the output with a greater
+than symbol, to a file like text.txt, and then into that with two less than symbols, you
+would put in double quotes, E-O-F, for end of file.
+So anything that you typed out after that, standard in would be redirected to test.sh until
+you typed on a blank line, capital E-O-F, for end of file, and hit enter, it would stop
+the cat command, it would close out the file, and all the stuff that you put in there would
+be redirected to the test.txt file, quick and dirty text editor.
+You can use a pipe, you can cat a file to a page or like less or more, although you could
+already use less or more on the file without having to cat it.
+You can cat stuff to grab, cat stuff to cut, whatever other command that you want to cat
+things to.
+So cat is a very basic, very handy command that you could do a lot with.
+By itself, you can get the output of a file, but used in conjunction with redirects and
+pipes, it can be a really handy useful tool for cutting things apart and breaking up
+information and doing text manipulation.
+That's Linux and the Shell Episode 32, the cat command, my name is Dan Waschko, I thank
+you for listening, head on over to the website for the full write up and the video of the
+document of using the cat command.
+We'll see you here again in a couple of weeks and listen to hacker public radio because
+some great stuff.
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