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Episode: 1930
Title: HPR1930: A systemd primer
Source: https://hub.hackerpublicradio.org/ccdn.php?filename=/eps/hpr1930/hpr1930.mp3
Transcribed: 2025-10-18 11:16:16
---
This is HPR episode 1930 entitled, A System D Primer.
It is hosted by Clinton Roy and is about 9 minutes long.
The summary is an introduction to the modern Linux in its system.
This episode of HPR is brought to you by AnanasThost.com.
Get 15% discount on all shared hosting with the offer code HPR15.
That's HPR15.
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Hello everyone. My name is Clinton Roy. Recently, one of my work tasks has been converting our
Sysv unit system to System D. I've come to really appreciate System D and
gave a talk about it recently at my local user group. Humbok.
Based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The slides of this talk are linked from the show notes.
System D is an init system for Linux services. When you boot a Linux system with System D installed,
the first process will be System D. All other processes will be spawned underneath this process.
At a slightly higher level, System D is the dependency system for Linux services.
For example, if you've got a server hosting a website, you need your database to be started and
ready for queries before your web server is started. At a slightly higher level, System D is a
suite of basic Unix services that make a Linux system usable, services like virtual console
management. At an even higher level, System D is starting to implement more basic user level
services, like an NTP client, network management, timers and container management.
Other Unix and Unix-like systems have their own init systems that can handle service dependencies.
Solaris has the service management facility. MacOS X has launched D and until recently,
Ubuntu had upstart. It's fair to say that Linux has been playing catch-up in this area until
System D came along. I'm now fairly comfortable in saying that System D is a fair bit ahead of
the alternatives that other operating systems currently have. Speaking just about the Linux world now,
System D is replacing System D init, which models a Linux system as a ladder. At each
rung of the ladder, more services are started, and the result of the booting process is declined
at the top of the ladder. Each one of the services is started by a shell script, which means that
each server script can easily do anything it likes. This also means that the init system is very
constrained, as it is no proper way of determining what each shell script is doing.
Linux Standard's base, or LSB, added some dependency management on top of this system,
but oddly enough, System D is the first init system to properly implement LSB dependency
management. Upstart is, at a distance, reasonably similar to System D, but it still allows
configuration to be done by a scripting, and it still treats the system as a ladder.
When talking about System D, it is possible to quickly overdo the terminology.
The most important concept is that of the unit, which can be thought of as the atom of the
System D world. The most common type of unit that we'll interact with is that of a service,
like our database service or web service service. But there are units that describe mount points,
network sockets, timers, and system resources. A usable Linux system will have hundreds of units,
all activated because a dependency requires that unit to be activated. In order to group these
units together in logical ways, one type of unit is the target, which is really just a collection
of units. System D targets are the equivalent of the rungs on the sysv init ladder. The typical
target that a Linux desktop machine boots to will be the graphical target, which will start GDM
or KDM or something similar. The graphical target will depend on the multi-user target,
which will start all the services to allow virtual consoles and login sessions.
The multi-user target in turn relies on the basic target, which makes sure all the file systems
are mounted and checked. The basic target relies on the sys init target, which does low-level
things like mounting slash proc and starting new dev. From a design point of view, there are many
advantages to System D over sysv init. System D uses plain text files to configure each unit,
and simlinks to place units in targets. System D forces us to have explicit dependencies between
our services, so you can think of System D like a make file, and every time you're booting,
every dependency is being checked that it's up to date. So the entire boot system is being
checked every boot. Because the dependencies between units are explicit, System D can start all units
that don't have clashing dependencies in parallel, leading to very quick boot times.
In these days, where every computer has multiple cores, starting everything serially is a waste of
resources and your time. By requiring all configuration to be done by configuration files and not
shell code, all the concerns are properly separated. It's really easy to tell what units have certain
configuration settings applied. It's clear that System D has been used in a wide variety of
use cases. There are a ton of options for tweaking service units start up. One of the interesting
design decisions from System D is that every user that logs in gets their own System D service
to manage their login session. From a sys admin point of view, there are a number of immediate
advantages. If this sys admin wishes to tweak the startup configuration of a particular service,
instead of modifying the upstream configuration, a shadow configuration file can be created.
This shadow configuration file can inherit the upstream configuration file and add tweaks,
or completely override it. Using this shadowing technique, it is trivial to ask System D to watch
dog certain services. That is, to get System D to restart a service if it crashes. Once all the
required changes are made, the administrator can use the System D Delta tool to quickly see what
changes have been made from upstream. System D makes full use of Linux control groups, which gives
the administrator full process and resource control. From a programming perspective, there are certain
benefits. If a service is designed with System D in mind, it is possible to get System D to do a
lot of error-prone work, particularly around binding to a privileged port, like a web server,
and then changing the running user from root. It's easy to get System D to bind to the port,
run our service as a non-root user, and pass the port along as a command line argument.
It is also really easy to notify System D that your service has started and finished initialisation,
and also to add a heartbeat to your service so that System D will restart it if it hangs.
When it comes to provisioning virtual machines, System D has done a lot of base work for containers.
It's almost trivial to turn a minimal setup, like the one you'd get from running the bootstrap,
into a fully formed container with System D and spawn. I particularly like the System D will
mount all the dev proc and sys file systems for you. For users, the main advantage System D gives
is the fast boot up times. Once more services are designed with System D in mind, it'll be possible
to start and stop more services on demand. For example, the printer service, CupsD,
under System D will only be started once the user requests printing.
Then, after a certain amount of time of not doing any printing, it can be turned off.
As for disadvantages, the main one I come across is the fact that System D is still under heavy
development, and long-term support releases necessarily have older out-of-date versions of System D,
and are missing features I really want to have. Sentos 7, for example, has around 200 patches on
their chosen version of System D. In my experience, the System D journal is rather slow and buggy.
It's very nice in theory, but not so good in practice. There is a convenience
target for internet access being available, but as this is actually external to the system,
this is not a solid target that can be relied on, like other targets can be. System D uses
D bus as its chosen form of inter-process communication. Unix is a graveyard of poor IPC mechanisms,
and I don't think D bus is much better than what has gone before. The current moves to include
D bus into the kernel probably mean we'll be stuck with it however. System D does make me feel
uncomfortable with some stances I've taken previously, such that all projects should be portable
to different Unix systems. System D is heavily reliant on many Linux kernel features.
There are some very nice System D features that are reliant on having snapshotable file systems,
specifically butter refits. One part of System D that I haven't played with much yet
is network D, which brings the same clear configuration model to network and setup.
I'm very much looking forward to it. In summary, the clear configuration model of System D
is a big win for everyone, and I strongly encourage everyone to accept there will be a learning curve
to anything new about your service. We'll thank you for it.
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