Episode: 2293
Title: HPR2293: More supplementary Bash tips
Source: https://hub.hackerpublicradio.org/ccdn.php?filename=/eps/hpr2293/hpr2293.mp3
Transcribed: 2025-10-19 00:57:55

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This is HPR episode 2,293 entitled, more supplementary mash tips and in part of the series
Bash Crypting.
It is hosted by Dave Morris and in about 38 minutes long and Karimanec's visit flag.
The summary is finishing off the subject of expansion in Bash Part 2.
This episode of HBR is brought to you by An Honesthost.com.
At 15% discount on all shared hosting with the offer code HBR15, that's HBR15.
Better web hosting that's Honest and Fair at An Honesthost.com.
Hello everybody, this is Dave Morris and welcome to Hacker Public Radio.
This is the next episode in my series on Bash Tips.
This one's called More Supplementary Bash Tips.
This particular one is Part 2 of a series, a pair of shows about the expansion of file
names.
Now, in the last episode, 2278 in this sub-series or whatever you'd call it, was talking
about the whole business of using asterisks and square brackets and question marks and
so forth when writing expressions that were to be used in the context of file names.
And I said I'd be talking about extended pattern matching, which is another way of looking
at this.
We're matching patterns with expressions that are called globs.
There's an extended version of it and I said I'd talk about it.
In a future episode, well this is it.
Now there are five different ways in which you can use this extended pattern matching
feature and in order to enable it, you need to switch on the x-tglob option using the
Shopped SHOPT command.
We looked at this in the last episode.
Now one thing I discovered in looking at this was that on all of the systems that I run,
that is Debian, KDE, Neon and Razbian, x-tglob was on by default.
I've tried to work out why this was because I hadn't set it myself and I discovered that
the default mechanism for doing Bash completion was setting it because I believe it's part
of the Bash completion mechanism itself.
So it used to be that you had to opt in to get Bash completion.
This is when you're typing a command and you hit tab during the typing of the command,
whether you're typing the name of the command, you're not quite sure how to spell it, maybe
you hit tab and you get back a list of all the commands it could possibly be.
And also, if you've typed that first part of the command and you're not sure about arguments,
if there are well-known arguments, then the completion knows about this.
It's quite clever actually, but anyway, if you're running these versions of Linux,
these distributions, then you seem to get it by default.
I haven't got any non-debian-derived versions around, so I don't know if it's the same with
Fedora and Sousa or whatever.
Anyway, let's get back to these patterns, extended pattern matching features.
There's a list of them and they consist of a character, then parentheses and inside the parentheses
are a list of patterns, be one or however many you want, they are must be separated by a vertical bar.
You can also put patterns within patterns, if you wish.
So basically, I'm going to go through the list of different patterns very briefly,
and then I'm going to dive into some examples of how they work after I've just gone through the list.
So the first one is a pattern which matches zero or one occurrence of the thing that you're
searching for, and that's a question mark followed by this pattern list in parentheses.
The next one matches zero or more, it's supposed to zero or one, and that's an asterisk followed
by a parenthesized pattern list. The next one is plus, and then an open parenthesis, a pattern
list, a closed parenthesis, and this matches one or more. So we've had zero or one, zero or more,
one or more of a given pattern. The at sign followed by the parenthesized pattern list matches
just one, just choose one within this list, so it's sort of an array-like thing. The final one
is an exclamation mark followed by the pattern list in parentheses, and this is an exclusion type
thing. It matches anything except one of the patterns. Now my researchers show that this is a
relatively new feature that's come up in the more recent recent versions of Bash, not quite sure
when it came about, but it's a year or two old perhaps. It doesn't seem to be all that well documented
in as much as it's just basically the list that I've given you, and you really need to work it out
yourself where it actually means. What I'm doing here is trying to enlarge on this documentation
and explain what it actually does. There are some similarities to regular expressions,
so the question mark is used in a regular expression as is an asterisk and a plus, not an at sign
to my knowledge, exclamation mark though, yeah. So there are similarities, there's similar thinking
going on here, but it's done differently. Now I added a warning here in the notes to say that,
as I was researching this, there'd be a lot of confusion about what these are for and how you
use them, and it included me. I was included myself in the confused people until I managed to get my
head around it. These patterns are applied to each file name, so the assumption is in the majority
of cases you'd be using them to match a number of files. As we saw in the last episode,
ABC asterisk means files that begin with ABC and end with anything else, so you're trying to match
files, and so we're doing it per file, so all these things about one or zero or more or whatever
relate to elements of a file name, not files in a directory. So I explained it here by saying that
if you wrote down the pattern, and these are all in lower case, a, question mark, oh,
parenthesis, b, closed parenthesis, c, that means it matches a file which begins with an a,
it's then followed by zero or one instance of b, and ends with a c, so it can only match that the
sequences, that's all you typed, the sequences abc and ac, so one's got single b and the other one's
got no b. I'll be going onto some examples, which include this particular one in a minute.
Some of the confusion that this can cause, and I must admit, it took me some number of days
to get my head completely around this. I found people in a similar state of confusion on stack
exchange, and I've listed some of the articles that I found where people were explaining how this
worked. It took me even though it took me a while, but I got there, I think, and so I'm giving you
the benefit of my research now. So they're all linked, and you might be good idea to go and read
if you want to get into this stuff. So let's dive into the examples then, and it turns out
that the 33,800 files that I generated in the last episode beginning in directories A to Z,
et cetera, et cetera, not that useful when demonstrating how this thing works. When I created them,
I hadn't fully got my head and my own extended pattern matching. So however, they have some use,
so I'm going to use them. In the notes here, I've created some other files just to make things
a little bit easier to understand, hope, anyway. So I've got a sequence of commands here that I've
typed to do with this. And first of all, I've changed directory to path name expansion directory,
I created before, or mentioned it last episode. Make a directory called test, and in it, I create the
files A, B, B, C, A, B, C, A, C, and A, X, C. We're going to use these expressions to fish various
ones of them out. I also created the files X, X, X, and X, X, X for the same purpose. And then I've
listed what's in this directory test so that you can see. In my list of commands, I've also switched
on X, E, X, T, glob, just to remind you how to do it. And just in case you haven't got it switched on,
if you want to follow along with this and do the same tests. Some of my examples are actually
derived from the stack exchange articles that I mentioned. And so they're sort of not totally
original, but I've adapted them a bit. So let's start with the match 0 or 1 occurrence.
Question mark, and then a pattern list in parentheses. So if we want to ask for
files which have, begin with an A, followed by 0 or 1 occurrence of B and end with a C, then
I just mentioned this example. I've got the command echo space test slash A, question mark,
open parentheses, B, close parentheses, C. And I get back test slash ABC and test slash AC.
So that demonstrates the point I was mentioning before when I was warning about this stuff.
If you just get back two files from that directory and they are the ones that match these
criteria. Now the next example under this heading, I've added an X in the parentheses with a
vertical bar separating it from the B. And that's to say I want to get back the file AXC,
which I created specifically to do this test obviously. So I won't read out the full command
because I think you probably can follow along without me doing that. But it's all written out in
the notes. So the pattern list has become teeny bit more complicated since there are two characters
in there with the vertical bar between them. So now I thought I would do an example using
the large collection of files that I created. And I'm trying to search all the directories
that start with the vowel, all their single letter anyway, all of the directories that are vowels.
And I'm looking for files where I don't care what the first letter is for that's cheating a little
bit because the way I created them each, each directory contains files that begin with that same
letter. So but what I want is the first, the second letter of each file name to begin either with an A
or a B. And I want the numbers. Remember that the files consist of things like A, A, 0, 1,
txt. So I want the first number to be either a 0 or a 1. And I want the second number to be either
a 0 or a 1. Or I want files where they begin with an A or a B and end where the two digits are
5, 0. So I'm asking for some fairly, fairly weird subset of files. But there's a lot of files in
these directories which is part of the thinking when I made them. You'd want to be able to pick out
specific file names easily. So I'm using the LS command to do this. I'm using the option
minus W50. I think I mentioned it last time this limits the output width. I'm just doing it so it's
more readable in these notes basically. And I've also used the minus X option which lists files in
row order rather than in column order. So the actual expression is, I think I might need to read
this one out. Though you might have difficulty following this along with this if you don't have
the notes in front of you. So the first bit of the expression is in square brackets. And it
consists of the vowels A, E, I, O, U, closed square brackets slash. Then we have a question mark. Now
this question mark is the prelude to an extended pattern. So it's followed by an open parenthesis.
Inside the parenthesis is a question mark. So this question mark means an any character, any
characters to go here. Then it's followed by in square brackets A and B. So remember we want
we want the second letter of these files to be either an A or a B. And then it's followed in
square brackets by zero one. Another square bracket is zero one and then an asterisk. So that's one
of the patterns in this expression. There's vertical bar. Then we've got question mark again.
That's the any character. Then in square brackets A and B, closed square bracket five zero asterisk.
So that was the second case where we want things that begin with an A or a B that have the
second letter A or B, I should say, followed by the digits five zero. And after that asterisk is
the ending parenthesis. So we get back a block of files which I've listed in the notes. And we've
got examples like a slash a a zero one dot txt. That obviously matches. And it goes on we also have
a slash a a five zero dot txt. So we got that one. And we get similar line for a B and another one
for e where e a and then we get this we get similar for the the directory i where we have i a zero
one etc etc. And so it goes on to the final letter u. So I think I don't know I certainly sat
and thought about this example for quite some time in order to make it useful. I hope it is.
There's some points to think about in relation to this. We're using the match zero or one occurrence.
The question mark followed by things in parenthesis even though there are no cases where there are
zero matches. Okay. That's okay because we're getting the benefit because I wanted to do this
weird thing of getting files that whether the digits were zero one and zero one zero or one and zero
or one or five zero. We can use the alternation capabilities of this expression in the vertical bar.
We needed to use the asterisk in the sub pattern in order to include the dot txt suffix on the file.
So otherwise we wouldn't have got anything but there are other ways of doing it. And I've shown one
in the notes. I'm not going to read that one out because it's it's quite complex but using the
the wild card is potentially dangerous. If you put a wild card asterisk on the end outside the
closed parenthesis then that remember matches anything. So what would happen? It's slightly counter
intuitive but it's just some experiments to prove that I was right. It results in this complicated
expression, this extended pattern being ignored and you just get back everything or maybe it's not
being ignored but because you've got an anything type wild card on the end then it it includes all
the files that the complex expression would would return but it also includes everything else.
So a file that doesn't match the extended expression will match the anything. I think that's
a better way of putting it. So what I did was I didn't a little example where I echoed
used echo with this pattern and then counted the number of files that came back with a using the
WC space minus W command to count the number of words and I got back 40. So that's the number of
files that were returned in the LS. There are ten lines four columns that could have worked out
itself but that wasn't the point. I then put an asterisk on the end of that expression
and did the same count and I got 6500 words back. So that shows that what I just said
the all files were matched by this this expression is true. Then I did an echo of the square
bracketed vowels slash asterisk meaning find go to all of the directories A E I O and U
and return all the files in them and then counted them and I get back 6500. So it proves the point
that putting an asterisk on the end will result in the expression matching everything. So let's go
on to the next example where we look at the match zero or more occurrences extended pattern.
So we're going to use this ABC business again and in this case we're looking for a followed by
zero or more occurrences of B followed by a C. So because using zero or more we get get back a
BBC because that's more than zero. It's two B's. We get ABC which is one B and we get A C which is
no B. So that all matches. I added an X into that list in parentheses with a vertical bar
and that included AXC into the list. So I hope you find this useful. I certainly did find this a
useful way of understanding how these things work. The expression is being compared to every
file in the directory and certain files then being returned that match this pattern. I also did a test
with the files with X's in their names. I looked for asterisk open parenthesis X close parenthesis
dot DAT and I got back XXX and XXX. So there were no instances of zero X's followed by dot DAT
but if I'd created a file called just dot DAT it would have matched but it would only have been
shown if dot glob was set as we looked as we saw last the last episode. So I then did various
experiments using the big collection of files. We might from one to find for example all files in
the directory A but begin with two A's and with numbers in the range one to three. So what I did was
an LS command. I won't give you all the options but the expression was A slash asterisk open
parenthesis A close parenthesis. So that's saying I want zero or more A's. Well there aren't any
there aren't any cases of zero A's but there are cases of two A's. They will begin with A anyway.
That's then followed with asterisk open parenthesis square brackets one hyphen three close square
brackets close parenthesis dot TXT. So that returns a bunch of files nine files whose names are
AA11 AA12 AA13 and then AA212223 and 313233. So it's actually doing it that there are two of these
match extended extended pattern matching expressions here two of these zero or more patterns.
Now as I was doing this I wondered why I sort of semi thought I would only get back
than the files AA1122 and and 313 but then I realised what I was actually asking for. I wanted
a number of numbers zero or more numbers and there will be any zeros where there was a one or a
three a one two or three in these positions. So that's why I got 11121321 etc etc.
A given example of how you could do this without using these extended pattern matching things
and it's certainly possible. I did also give an example of how you would get a list of
just AA1122 and 333 but it's quite an unpleasant expression but it proves a point that can be done
but you'd have to be pretty desperate to do that. I won't expand on this one in the spoken part
because it's it's really hairy. So let's go on to the plus open parenthesis pattern list
close parenthesis thing match one or more occurrence says. So again we're using the abc
example so a plus open parenthesis b close parenthesis c and that means one or more b's between the a
and the c so that returns abbc and abc the one with no b's obviously match because we're looking
for one or more added the x and I got back axc as before. Now the next one looks for specific files
in the big lists of files and this time I'm looking in directories a and b for files that begin
with an a or b an end with 0 1 dot txt so this expression in an ls is open square bracket ab
close square brackets slash asterisk open parenthesis a vertical bar b close parenthesis so that a
or b both acceptable then an asterisk and an o1 dot txt so that returns all of the files like a a
0 1 all the ones are ending 0 1 anyway and any any any letters can follow the a or the b so
but that could have been done without using extended stuff as I've given an example of how this
could be done alternatively. He's again pretty esoteric I know but these features are quite advanced
I guess though I think if you if you do need to do this type of thing and fish out specific files
from directories this is quite a powerful way of doing it and you might find that it's that it
turns out to be more useful than it appears first of all I think if you if you if you think there is
any potential for it's use for yourself then you really want to be looking at these notes again
I think to um to get your head around them if you your brain works anything like mine does anyway
so example 4 on set of examples for is match one of the given patterns well that was an
amp is that um an at sign sorry followed by a parenthesis list my example is a at open
parenthesis b closed parenthesis c and I just get back a b c because I'm asked for a then a b
out of a list of 1 which is really silly but it gives it makes it makes the point of I should have
thrown a few more examples what I do I have added another example I've added x to that list
this b vertical bar x so you get a b c and a x c it's a silly example but I hope it makes the
point so I thought well how about making some more example files to do more interesting
searches so I've done this sort of thing before I created a file a directory called words
and then I populated it with random words from the user shared dict words file
which you should have on your system as well I think all Linuxes have it so we've got make the
words followed by a while loop while read words and we call on do then word equals and then I've
got an expression here I've used this before so I won't read out which strips off the apostrophized
ends to these words because there's quite a lot that are the possessive versions of the words
then I the next line word equals then I've got an expression which reduces every word to
lowercase form just to make it a little easier then I use the touch command to create a file in the
directory words using this variable word so if the word that it's just been returned was banana then
it's going to create a file called word slash banana and it's an empty file and it's good for
playing around with the end of the while loop is denoted with a done statement or whatever that is
then there's a less than sign meaning that that loop is to take its its input
for the read from a thing I've mentioned this mechanism before in earlier episodes in this series
and what it's doing is it's taking the the data from a process substitution which I talked about
in episode 2045 and it's using shuff which is a means of getting random things out of a file I've
asked for a hundred words minus n one hundred and user shared dict words that's all in parentheses
I'm not not going to mind you detail with this because you should be familiar with process
substitution and anyway I've typed it all out here so that that generates a hundred words
files with words as their names in this directory if you do this if you try this you'll get different
words of course then I thought okay I will try fishing out particular words which have characteristics so
I wrote an expression another ls command and I used an extended pattern matching expression
where I wanted to get one or one of the one of set of sub patterns so let me read out what this is
so we've got words which is the name of the directory slash asterisk at open parenthesis ee vertical bar
oh oh vertical bar t h vertical bar ss close parenthesis asterisk now in this particular case
it is asking for words that contain two e's two o's a t h or an ss and it's in in close it's
topping and tailing this extended pattern matching expression with an asterisk with two asterisk
I should say and that's because we're looking for this sub expression inside a word so we get
back things like commandeering because you've got two e's in it we get back woolly because it's got
two o's in it where we get back ingress it's got two s's in it and so on there's not very many of
you you you might get more if you try this yourself or less that was really just demonstrate
what you could do it with these types of extended pattern matching expressions so the last one
example five is the match anything but one where it's got a vertical it's got an exclamation mark
and then a parenthesized pattern list so my demonstration was where I'm looking for a for files
that begin with an a contain which do not contain a b between the a and the c and I get back
a b b c a c and a x c and you might do a double take when you see a b b c um well that's because
there are multiple b's between the other letters and the pattern actually says only one so the
file called a b c doesn't come back because it only contains one b and we've asked to have files
don't contain one b but we're okay to get back with file that contain two b's so I then thought
well how would you exclude the file a b b c and I ended up with an expression which consists of
a exclamation mark open parenthesis plus open parenthesis b close parenthesis close parenthesis c
so plus b means one or more b's and that's put into one of these negation match anything but
expression so you've got nested expressions and what we get back is a c and a x c we don't get a
b b c because we've said we don't want any b's between the a and the c so it's a demonstration
of how you can nest these patterns patterns can contain patterns I've done one searching the
the list of loads of directors and loads of files thing and at this time I'm looking for files
in the directory a where the first letter is a which they all are anyway and the second letter
is not in the range c to z and that expression was a slash a the first letter is an a yes
exclamation mark open parenthesis open square brackets c hyphen z closed square brackets
asterisk closed parenthesis dot txt so I get back load of files but basically they're all files
which don't contain a c or a z after the initial a I thought I'd do another one where I'm searching
the directory of words using this negation thing and I've made end up making quite a complex
pattern let's say they're all quite complex and I wanted to get words that did not have particular
pairs of letters so I've got a nested I've got nested expressions rather than read it all out
in detail the inner expression isn't at and then in parenthesis a list of double letters like
b b and c c separated by vertical bars and that expression has got an asterisk each end of it
and it sits inside parenthesis with an exclamation mark on the front so it's saying here's a list of
any one of these pairs of letters and the pairs of letters can exist anywhere inside a word
and but I want you to do the the converse return words that don't contain these double letters
so I didn't list a whole lot there was a 81 words of the hundred came back and they all didn't
contain these two letter sequences but again you you can try these yourself if you want to
I thought I'd finish off by mentioning that these patterns can be used elsewhere other than in
ls's and echoes and things that were searching for files and we've seen how these globs the general
globs style patterns can be used when for example manipulating bash parameters and we looked at that
back in show 1648 way back when and I demonstrate to the sort of thing that you you might want to do
create a variable x to contain a string which consists of three letter a's three letter b's and three
letter c's in sequence then I echo it back using dollar open curly bracket x that's the variable name
slash a slash hyphen close curly bracket what that means is I wanted to do a pattern substitution
and I want to replace the first instance of a with a hyphen so we get back hyphen a a bbc ccc
so that's all we've seen this it's all good stuff if we replace that single a with one of
these extended pattern matching things then get different different result so what I've done
is to use one of these one or more expressions a plus and then a parenthesized a so it will match
the three a's at the start of the string and it will replace it replace them with a hyphen
you get back one hyphen followed by bb ccc and that's because the expression matches the three a's
and the pattern substitution will replace what's effectively a group of a's with one hyphen
yeah if we'd wanted for whatever reason to replace all of the a's with hyphons you wouldn't
be using this extended pattern thing at all you would simply use the double slash capability
I've put an example of how you use it I won't read it out you can also use extended pattern matching
elsewhere such as in case statements but I won't go into detail about case statement because I've
not talked about it before it's something maybe to be done later on in this series there is a stack
exchange question about it and there's some quite useful details in there and I've listed put
in a reference to it anyway to summarize any way that you could use a file type pattern match a
globe type thing then you can use extended patterns sometimes it doesn't make any sense but you can
do it but of course you must have ex-t geo being exed glob set in order for it to work so let's
finish off with conclusion here till I started investigating this stuff I didn't think I'd find
them all that useful took me a while to understand how they worked but I must say I now find them
quite powerful and I think I will use them in future script so that I'm going to write
bash extended patterns are similar in concept to regular expressions but they're written totally
differently so the bash pattern hot asterisk open parenthesis dog close parenthesis is the same
means the same as the regular expression hot open parenthesis dog close parenthesis asterisk
so they both match the words hot and hot dog and the difference is that in a regular expression the
asterisk means that the preceding expression may match zero or more times and it can follow all
sorts of different expressions the extended pattern is not quite so general I just thought it was
worth saying that because sometimes these these patterns and regular expressions can be confused
confused by some people now I hope this episode's helped you understand these bash features and
that you find them useful some point down the road and that's the end of bash expansion and all
of that good stuff so I hope you found it useful all right then bye
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