hpr-knowledge-base/hpr_transcripts/hpr3530.txt

Episode: 3530
Title: HPR3530: Filenames and ASCII
Source: https://hub.hackerpublicradio.org/ccdn.php?filename=/eps/hpr3530/hpr3530.mp3
Transcribed: 2025-10-25 01:01:49

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This is Hacker Public Radio Episode 3,534 Friday, 11th of February 2022.
Tid's show is entitled, Phila Names and Eski and is part of the series DOS it is hosted by OUKA
and is about 15 minutes long and carries a clean flag.
The summary is, we continue our look at the Old Warhorse, DOS this time it is DOS Phila Names and Eski.
This episode of HPR is brought to you by archive.org.
Support universal access to all knowledge by heading over to archive.org forward slash donate.
Hello, this is OUKA, welcome you to Hacker Public Radio and another exciting episode in our DOS series.
And what I'm going to take a look at today, there's a couple of topics.
One of them is DOS Phila Names and then related to that is the topic of ASCII characters.
So let's go. DOS Phila Names follow what is called an 8.3 or 8.3 convention.
Now this means that all DOS Phila Names have two parts with up to 8.3 characters respectively.
Now the up to part is important, you can have less.
But the first part is often referred to as the file name in some documentation that I've seen.
That can be a little confusing, but what are you going to do?
I can have anything from one to eight characters in it.
This is followed by the extension, which can have anything from zero to three characters.
Separating these two parts is a period, but in computer language we never call it a period,
we call it a dot. So 8.3. Now, file names can use any letter of the alphabet or any numeral.
Many of the other characters found on a keyboard are also allowed, but not all of them.
And that is because many of these other characters have been assigned a special use in DOS.
Now we call those reserved characters. So what are some of the characters that can appear in a
DOS file name other than letters and numbers? Well, there's the tilde, the exclamation mark,
the at sign, the pound sign, the dollar sign, the percent sign, the carrot, the ampersand,
left or right parentheses, underscore, dash, left and right curly brackets,
and apostrophe. Now, there are additional characters in the extended asky set that can be used.
And so you might sometimes see an odd file name if someone managed to use those.
Now there are characters that have a special meaning in DOS, the reserved ones, and they cannot be used.
These would include the asterisk, the forward slash, the plus sign, the vertical bar,
the back slash, the equal sign, the question mark, left and right square brackets,
semicolon, colon, quotation mark, period, less than sign, greater than sign, and comma.
Also you cannot use a space in a DOS file name. Now you can actually simulate one using an
appropriate asky character, which we'll mention. Now the reason that you can't use a space is that
DOS uses spaces to separate items in the command line. We talked about this a lot in the previous
tutorial, so I hope you were paying attention to that. So you cannot use spaces, but you can
actually simulate a space. Now another thing, it does not matter whether you use upper or lower
case letters. DOS converts all letters to upper case in any event. So your files will all wind up with
upper case letters in the name no matter what you do. Now file extensions. In DOS, a file does not
need to have an extension. Now you can test this quite easily by creating a file called FU
and saving it in your DOS test directory. Do a directory listing using the DIR command
and you'll see it listed. But the file extension does have its uses in DOS. Certain file extensions
have built-in meanings such as EXE always denotes an executable file. COM is a command file.
SIS is a system file and BAT is a batch file. Now other extensions might be created by a
particular software program or by you when you create a file. One thing that is very different
in DOS when compared to Windows is that DOS does not have the associations that Windows has.
In Windows for instance, a .doc file will typically be associated with Microsoft Word.
And if you attempt to open this file, it will automatically call Word, open it and load the file.
DOS does not have any of this. Now there were some DOS shell programs like Norton desktop that
gave you some of these capabilities. And if you want to look at it that way, the ultimate DOS
shell program was Windows. At least up to the 3.11 level, I've even seen arguments that Windows 95
was nothing more than a DOS shell. We had some interesting arguments about that back in the days
and there was actually stuff in the help system. References that you dug into Windows 95 and saw
a reference to a version of DOS that it was. Now in any case, DOS does not have file associations.
So if you used a DOS Word processor, that didn't particularly matter what extension you used for
your files. You could get creative and use extensions as part of your filing system if you wanted.
You could, for instance, name your memos using .jan.feb.marr, etc. to help keep track of them.
I wouldn't do it exactly that way, but it is doable. However, if you're using a DOS window
on a Windows machine, you need to keep the needs of Windows in mind to be more careful with your
file extensions. In fact, although people often refer to it as a DOS window, it isn't. It isn't DOS.
It's calling a program called cmd.exe and it has a lot of similarities to DOS, but it's not
identical to DOS. Now, ASCII. We mentioned that the characters all come from the ASCII file set.
So what is ASCII? ASCII is an acronym for American Standard Code for Intermission Interchange.
So it is a seven-bit coding system for creating the letters, numbers, and punctuation characters
needed to create basic text files. A simple calculation shows that seven bits allows 128
possible characters. Two to the seventh power is 128. The same seven bits can be thought of as a
number, however, which means that we can't think of letters and punctuation marks as being numbers
in this particular coding scheme. Now, bearing in mind that computer numbering schemes always begin
with zero, the possible numbers range from zero to 127. Now to see how this works, boot into DOS.
Make sure the num lock is set on, hold down the alt key, and type a number from zero to 127
using the number pad. After typing the number, release the alt key and look at the result.
You should see a character of some kind appear. You must use the number pad for this exercise,
not the numbers at the top of the keyboard, by the way. Also, this works just as well in Windows as
in DOS. I have done that when I was putting this web page together to generate characters not
normally available in an HTML editor. Now, you may note that the name of this includes the word
American. What about people in other countries who want to use characters not usually found in
American words? Well, the answer was to add one more bit, creating an 8-bit system called extended
ASCII, and I've got a link to a chart that has twice as many possible characters running from zero to
255. The first half is the same as ASCII, but in the second half, additional characters like the Greek,
some of the Greek letters, the German double S letter, accented A, so this made the extended ASCII
quote more universal. It still has limitations, and that's why now in 2021, as I'm recording this,
as compared to the late 90s when I wrote it, the Unicode, which is much more comprehensive,
has become the standard. Now, I mentioned that you could simulate a space in a file name,
and it's very simple. In the file name, add the character Alt plus 255. This will look exactly
like a space, but to the computer it is something completely different. Note that if you want to use any
DOS commands involving this file, you will have to use the character Alt plus 255 in the appropriate
place, where the file will not be recognized, and you will get a file not found error.
You could use this in a DOS environment, I suppose, as a kind of primitive security.
No one could delete this file unless they knew to add the appropriate Alt plus 255.
Well, we all know, in this day and age, security through obscurity is not a good idea, but there it is.
Now, if you want to test this out, or any of the things that we do in these tutorials,
I suggest creating a directory on your hard drive, like C colon backslash DOS temp,
or C colon backslash DOS test, to play around in without messing up anything else on your computer.
You can then create files and sub-directories in here to test out all of these procedures.
Since creating files to test things is something you do a lot of, here's a genuinely geeky trick
to amaze your friends with. You can create a file directly from DOS without using any other program,
even DOS edit. Here is how. Let's say you're in your DOS temp directory, so your command prompt
to C colon backslash DOS temp, and then the greater than sign. So you would enter copy, space, con, space,
foo dot bar, and then you would type, this is a test file. Finally, hold down the control key and type
a Z. Now, if you do exactly that, you should get back a response from the computer that says one file,
parentheses S, close parentheses, copied. So here's what's going on. First, you're copying a file,
we've talked about the copy command, it does what it says on the tin. Copy a file from one place and
puts it in another place. Now, where is the file being copied from? It's being copied from con,
c-o-n, which is the DOS shorthand for console. The console in this case is your screen.
The file is going to be copied to foo dot bar, which will be created in the DOS temp directory.
Now, once you enter this command, the computer is just waiting for you to type in the contents of this
file. You will notice that after you hit the enter key, you do not get another command prompt.
It's waiting for you to start typing text. So I said type something like this is a test file.
Again, you hit the enter key, but still no command prompt. The computer things you may still
want to enter stuff. To tell the computer you are done, you need to enter an end-of-file marker,
e-o-f, and you do that by holding down the control key, and while it is down hitting z key,
the result should look like carrot z on your screen. Now, carrot is, it's like a little tent,
sort of like the greater than sign, but it's pointing up instead of to the right.
If you hit the enter key this time, the computer will copy the line, this is a test file,
into a file called foo dot bar, and give you the response, one file copied. Pretty neat, eh?
So, this is a hookah for hacker public radio, signing off, and is always encouraging you to support
free software. Bye-bye.
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